The invention and history of the computer. The world's first computer.

If we take a look at the computer history, we see that the computer idea is not very old. In the 1830s, Charles Babbage (1792-1871) was a vision of making the difference machine and then the analytical machine, the calculation of the work of the electro-mechanical tools and the results. Although Charles Babbage did not achieve successful results with these machines, it is assumed that the basis of the computers has been discarded by it.

In 1850, George has played an important role on the development of computers by finding the Boolean algebra system, which is referred to in its name and used only in numbers 1 and 0.

In 1890, Herman Hollerith developed an electro-mechanical vehicle where information can be loaded by perforated cards and collected on this information. This calculator was successfully used in the U.S. 1890 census.

The first analog computer was performed by Vannevar Bush in 1931. In contrast, George Stibiz produced his first digital computer in the Bell lab in New York in 1939. The stibiz binary system applied to this machine to perform arithmetic operations with complex numbers.

2. The most important and rapid developments in computers It seems to begin after World War II. Haward Aitken completed MARK 1 in 1944 by cooperating with IBM. Although this computer has a small capacity, it was considered a great success in the conditions of the day. The information was given to MARK 1 with punched cards and the results were still taken with punched cards.

A computer named ENIAC was made by a group of scientists in 1945. ENIAC has been developed for military purposes. Radio lamps were used, and compared to MARK 1, it was pretty fast. This computer started to switch to the electronic computer and replaced the mechanical hardware into electronic circuits.

The first computer to be used for commercial purposes and serial production was UNIVAC I. The input-output units of this computer were magnetic tape and had a printer. In the same years, the IBM 701 computer was released. This computer has a vacuum tube and a simple programmable structure. From 1958 onwards, IBM started using Diot and transistors instead of vacuum tubes on the computer. Accordingly, smaller, lighter and less heated computers are marketed. In addition, disk and drums were introduced as information storage media.

Since 1964, the integration of transistors with integrated circuits has accelerated the developments in the field of computer; Faster, more reliable and cheaper computers have begun to be manufactured. Since 1970, the introduction of a wide range of integrated circuits has been observed to add new dimensions to the computer revolution. Especially since 1993, large-memory and fast computers, as well as powerful programming languages and operating systems attract the attention of emerging. Instead of the kernel memory used in older computers, cheaper magnetic internal memory is used, and computer costs are increasingly falling.

First computers

You must have heard that a computer, PC, personal computer, IBM-compatible PC is mentioned, sometimes called 386.486, with Pentium names. By going a little further, you've come across Isa, EISA, PCI computers. They should be familiar with the terms, such as horses, XT, Ps/2, who are more interested in technical issues.

Since the 1980s, personal computers have been a tradition to distinguish between the general architecture of the motherboard or the model of the main processor. Now we can take a closer look at the world of PC:

IBM-PC

This device, which started the computer craze, was released in 1981, it was not even clear what kind of stores it could sell. There was no hard disk of the IBM PC with two 5.25-inch floppy disk drives. The main processor was Intel 8086; There were five card slots. After some time IBM put the hard drive into this model; But it was not possible to increase the memory of the computer called the RAM chip, because the chip that created it was combined with Alakarla. If you have such an antique computer, stop updating the refresh; Keep it as it is. After a while, you can sell them to antique dealers or computer-technology museums.

IBM XT

The first PC with a 10 megabyte hard drive from IBM, the XT's CPU, was faster than the Intel 8088. The number of card slots was removed 8 ′. The only place this computer that accepts the 8-bit standard card is the one that is worthy of today's museum!

IBM AT

The ' AT ' model, which was released in 1985 and is the real grandmother of the PC as it was today, was built on the Intel 80286 CPU. It was five times faster than the original PC and accepted a 16-bit standard card. The IBM company has made it available to this computer with the entire industry, which is the main card architecture called Isa. ISA meant standard architecture for the whole computer industry; Indeed it did. At one time, hundreds of companies started to manufacture devices that were compatible with ' AT '. The network cards used to connect modems, scanners, and other external devices to the computer at one time have been able to fill in the stores, with the fact that the standard was truly accepted by the entire industry. However, since the ' AT ' computer's motherboard rate is extremely low compared to those present, it is possible to update such a computer with new cards and discard the money to be given to new cards. Since the main card size of the IBM-AT computer is the same as today's modern cards, it is possible that the enclosure is evaluated as empty box and change everything in it. However, because the original "AT" is too small to allocate to the power unit, it will not be worth the expense of the empty box.

PCjr and PS/2

With the adoption of the ISA standard, the IBM-compliant computer production of companies outside of IBM has also accelerated. IBM's first "AT" computers were quite expensive. IBM-compliant computers of other companies were much cheaper. IBM tried to take back the home-computer market, which he began to lose to other companies with the PCJR model that he took in 1986 and 1987 years. In PS/2, IBM was built with an architecture that was not permitted by other companies to be similar. IBM was named MCA (Micro Channel architecture) in this architecture. Different from Isa, such as today's plug-and-play cards, the settings for the MCA computers would be automatically made by the computer, not by the user. It's not a strategy. PCjr, very little talent; PS/2, PS/2 computers were among the few people and the antiques of the company because they did not accept Isa cards that could be purchased from any store and the MCA cards were three to four times more expensive than others. IBM has also released the ISA models of PS/2 computers without further announcement. If you have such a computer, you can use it as a blank box, provided that the motherboard will receive new motherboards and the corner allocated to the power unit is quite wide, so everything is renewed. However, PS/2, which is difficult to remove because of its cast-metal chassis, can make life difficult for the user.

386, 486 and Pentium

And we've come to modern computers today. Since 1987, Intel has begun to develop a master-trading chip with models that can perform faster and more operations every two years. 486 ′ 586 watched. Meanwhile, they started to produce CPU in other firms and provide Intel-like names to their own chips. When Intel found out that the number of brand and product names made of numbers is difficult, even impossible to protect the copyright, the 586 chip gave the name of the "Latin derivation of five words (penta) Pentium. (The Pentium name kept up so that Intel 686 and 786 should have their chips named Pentium II and Pentium III.) The development of the Intel family

The information processing method developed by Intel's 386 chip has been applied to all subsequent chips. In other words the 486 and Pentium chips are only more advanced 386 ′. Computers built in the ISA architecture, called "386-chip" today, work with a version of modern operating systems based on memory and hard disk space. On such computers, Windows 3.1, Windows 3.11, Windows 95, depending on CPU, RAM and hard Disk possibilities... 2000, you can see the Windows NT operating system. Operating systems called "open System" or GNU group (such as Linux) will work more comfortably on 386-type computers than newer versions of Windows.

Computers with Intel 386 or Intel 486 (and their equivalent AMD and Cyrix chips) have the ISA and EISA architecture, which is developed; So you can insert any intermediate-unit card from the market. However, Intel has developed a new computer architecture called PCI, which eliminates the necessity of making the user's fine settings of the installed card, the biggest challenge of Isa and EISA. The biggest feature of the PCI architecture is that there is no requirement (and often the possibility) to make any adjustments for the card to be compatible with the computer when the appropriate cards are joined to this architecture. You cannot attach this type of card to ISA and EISA computer, but the main cards in the PCI architecture can usually contain several Isa, even EISA card slots.

The various motherboard companies are making the CPU from the 386 chip removable. Also, the 386-type of computer's memory chips have become possible to be replaced and increased. If you have this kind of motherboard, you can probably refresh many aspects of your computer's CPU, RAM, and so on.

Intel Company was founded in 1968 to make all circuits of memory. The demand of a company that produces the calculator, requesting the entire circuit of the CPU for a calculator to produce; And again, for a terminal they will produce, the Intel company has made 4004 (1971) and 8008 (1972) CPUs to meet the requests of another company, again requesting a special all-circuit.

A basic measure of the classification of microprocessors and microcomputers is the maximum number of bits of data that the microprocessor has done on the circuit--the length of the word (word length). Starting from 8008, which is a 4-bit processor with 4004 and 8-bit processors, the data-length standards for microprocessors and microcomputers, such as 4-bit, 8-bit, 16-bit, 32-bit, 64-bit, were born.

Intel had kept the production line at a low capacity because it did not anticipate that anyone else would be interested in all circuits of the 4004 and 8008. But contrary to their estimates, this has been a great interest to all circuits. As a result of this and also to exceed the 16k memory limit of 8008, Intel has produced a general-purpose 8080 CPU in 1974. Suddenly this whole circuit was a huge demand and in a short period of 8080, the 8-bit microprocessor was the industry standard. Two years later, Intel launched 8085 ′, an advanced 8080 processor, in 1976.

Intel has produced 8086 ′, the first 16-bit microprocessor in 1978. The 8086 was similar to the previous 8080/8085 product, but the two processor families were incompatible with each other. A year later, in 1979, 8086 ′ 's 8-bit data-bus version, 8088, was the first processor of IBM PC microcomputers manufactured in 1981. As soon as the industry's 16-bit microprocessor standard, the 8086/8088 is the CORE of the microprocessor family called the x86 family, with many different products extending to the present.

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The invention and history of the computer. The world's first computer.