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Najsmrtonosnija glad u povijesti
Glad je postojala u cijelom svijetu tijekom vremena i u različitim stupnjevima nasilja. Ove situacije, koje karakterizira nedostatak adekvatne opskrbe hranom, mogu biti uzrokovane bilo kojim čimbenikom. Sve od inflacije do rata, političkih previranja, prirodnih katastrofa ili bolesti usjeva može izazvati glad koja ima raširene posljedice na stanovništvo regije ili zemlje. Glad je utjecala na svaki kontinent na svijetu, ali učestalost i položaj gladi mijenjali su se tijekom vremena.
Kratka povijest i razlozi
Iako je glad s modernošću smanjivala ozbiljnost, a najteža se dogodila prije nekoliko stoljeća, glad je još uvijek alarmantno česta u našem modernom svijetu. Srećom, napori Ujedinjenih naroda i drugi oblici pomoći pomogli su u smanjenju stope smrtnosti kad se pojavila glad, ali posljedice gladi i dalje ostaju ozbiljne. Sukob je glavni čimbenik većine današnjih gladi.
Uz to, glad je često nastajala u 16. i 17. stoljeću, dijelom i zbog primitivnih poljoprivrednih tehnika. Kako se poljoprivreda razvijala i napredovala, komercijalizacija se povećavala. Nužnost je stvorila povećanje produktivnosti poljoprivrednih gospodarstava, jer su poljoprivrednici često živjeli na zemlji u vlasništvu kuće. To je značilo da dok je prije obitelj mogla uzgajati samo potrebnu hranu, većina farmi sada ima komercijalne ili industrijske viškove. Kako su društva rasla i modernizirala, uzroci gladi mijenjali su se. Iako su poboljšane poljoprivredne tehnike i prinosi usjeva riješili neka pitanja, industrijalizacija, vladina kontrola i rat iznijeli su nove zabrinutosti. U 20. stoljeću došlo je do gladi s izuzetno velikim gubicima.
Velika kineska glad 1959-61
Najsmrtonosnija glad u povijesti dogodila se u Kini između 1959. i 1961. Ova se katastrofa često navodi kao jedna od najvećih katastrofa izazvanih čovjekom, iako regionalne suše igraju ulogu. Glad je uzrokovana kombinacijom političkih i socijalnih čimbenika koje je donijela Narodna Republika Kina. Počevši od 1958. godine, Veliki skok naprijed i narodne komune stvorili su smrtonosno okruženje koje je odnijelo desetke milijuna života. Te su politike uključivale radikalne promjene u poljoprivredi i zabranu vlasništva nad farmama. Pored toga, seljaci su preusmjereni iz poljoprivrede u korist proizvodnje željeza i čelika, što je uvelike smanjilo poljoprivrednu proizvodnju. Sve je to dovelo do značajnog pada kineske proizvodnje žitarica i raširene nestašice hrane. Iako su vlade izvijestile o oko 15 milijuna smrtnih slučajeva, stručnjaci se slažu da je broj umrlih veći i da se brojke kreću od 20 do 50 milijuna.
1907. Kineska glad
Sjeverna Kina pretrpjela je glad koja je odnijela 25 milijuna života. Ovu glad su uzrokovale obilne kiše tijekom vegetacije, koje su uništile mnoge biljke i otežale proizvodnju hrane. Za to vrijeme poplavljeno je gotovo 40 000 četvornih kilometara zemljišta u provincijama Honan, Kiang-su i Anhui. Oko 10% stanovništva sjeverne Kine umrlo je u ovoj katastrofi.
Chalisa i južnoindijske gladi 1782.-84
Glad iz Chalise dogodila se u sjevernoj Indiji od 1783. do 1784. godine, a slijedila je sličnu glad koja se dogodila u Južnoj Indiji prethodne godine. Neobično vruće vrijeme zahvatilo je Indiju 1780. godine i nastavilo se sljedećih nekoliko godina, uzrokujući jaku sušu. Zbog ekstremnih vrućina i nedostatka kiše, usjevi i prehrambeni resursi su iscrpljeni ili nisu mogli rasti, što je brzo uzrokovalo nestašicu hrane. Tijekom obje gladi dogodilo se više od 11 milijuna smrtnih slučajeva i broj stanovnika drastično se smanjio, posebno na teritoriju Delhija.
Bengalska glad iz 1770. godine, Najsmrtonosnija glad u povijesti
1770. godine Bengal je pogodila razorna glad koja je izbrisala otprilike trećinu svog stanovništva. Glad je nastao zbog ekstremne suše i nedostatka usjeva. Tada je regijom vladala Istočnoindijska trgovačka tvrtka, a njihov fokus na dobit uvelike je pogoršao problem. Unatoč pogoršanim poljoprivrednim uvjetima, porezi su povećani, a usjevi su s riže prešli na profitabilniji opijum i indigo. To je značilo da su se poljoprivrednici ne samo borili za proizvodnju hrane, već su i dostupne cijene imale izvan dosega. Kao rezultat ovog lošeg upravljanja, gotovo 10 milijuna ljudi umrlo je od gladi.
Sovjetska glad (Holodomor) 1932-33
1932. godine Sovjetski Savez, koji je tada vodio Josif Staljin, vidio je ljudsku glad koja je usmrtila milijune u Ukrajini, Kazahstanu, Sjevernom Kavkazu i povolškim regijama. Između 1932. i 1933. populacija ovih područja, koja su tada bila pod sovjetskom vlašću, naglo je opala. Kako su se vođe okretale industrijalizaciji, a ne poljoprivredi, glad je bila najzastupljenija u regijama u kojima se proizvodi žito. Uzgoj usjeva također je zabranjen, a zalihe hrane oduzete, što je uzrokovalo masovnu glad. Opširno se raspravljalo o detaljima ove gladi, a time se raspravljalo i o brojevima poginulih. Ujedinjeni narodi su 2003. proglasili da je između 7 i 10 milijuna ljudi umrlo od gladi ili njezinih komplikacija.
Ruska glad 1921
Godine Prvog svjetskog rata jako su utjecale na Rusiju. Politički nemiri i građanski ratovi tijekom 1917. doveli su do krvave revolucije i početka sovjetske vlasti. Tih su godina zaplijenjeni prehrambeni materijali i ti su materijali davani boljševičkim vojnicima. To je pak rezultiralo padom proizvodnje hrane jer su neki odlučili ne uzgajati usjeve koje ne bi smjeli jesti. Kako su uspostavljene politike za smanjenje napetosti između seljaka i vlasti, u slivu Volge postojao je užasan nedostatak usjeva. Kao rezultat, oko 5 milijuna Rusa izgubilo je živote.
Sjevernokorejska glad 1994-98
Jedna od najrazornijih gladi modernog doba, sjever Sjeverne Koreje, ili Ožujak patnje, trajala je od 1994. do 1998. Ta je glad bila uzrokovana kombinacijom prirodnih uzroka i diktatorske vladavine. 1995. dogodila se velika poplava u Sjevernoj Koreji koja je uništila više od milijun tona žita. Sjevernokorejska politika "prvo vojno" također je značila da su resursi, radna snaga i zalihe hrane preusmjereni na vojsku, a ne na civile. U ovom slučaju, milijuni ljudi nisu mogli pronaći hranu. Strana pomoć pomogla je smanjiti broj poginulih, a primljeno je oko 3,5 tona donacija hrane. Unatoč tome, broj poginulih procjenjuje se na oko 3 milijuna, iako sjevernokorejske vlasti tvrde da su te brojke znatno podcijenjene.
Perzijska glad 1917-19
Prvi svjetski rat donio je razdoblje gladi i bolesti u većem dijelu Perzije, kojom je tada vladala dinastija Qajar. Jedan od vodećih čimbenika ove gladi bio je niz jakih suša koje su drastično smanjile poljoprivrednu proizvodnju. Uz to, okupirane su snage oduzele proizvedenu hranu. Promjene u trgovini i opći nemiri tijekom rata povećali su strah i stvorili gomilajuće situacije koje su situaciju pogoršavale. To je izazvalo veliku glad. Iako se ne otkriva točan broj smrtnih slučajeva, tvrdi se da je oko 2 milijuna ljudi izgubilo život.
Glad od irskog krumpira 1845-1853
Još jedna od najgorih gladi je glad irskog krumpira koja se dogodila između 1845. i 1853. Uzrokovana je bolešću usjeva koja je usmrtila većinu irskog krumpira. Krumpir je u to doba bio najveći izvor hrane, posebno za siromašne građane, a nedostatak krumpira značio je veliku nestašicu hrane. Budući da su usjevi bili ograničeni, Ircima je bila potrebna pomoć kako bi imali dovoljno hrane da bi preživjeli. Međutim, britanski nacionalni brodovi blokirali su pomoć drugim državama, uzrokujući tako više smrti i gladi. Kao rezultat gladi, oko 25% građana zemlje bilo je istrijebljeno, a između 1 i 2 milijuna ljudi pobjeglo je u Sjevernu Ameriku.
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