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Najbolj smrtonosne famines v zgodovini

Po vsem svetu so s časom in v raznih stopnjah nasilja obstajale tudi laži. Te situacije, zanje je značilno pomanjkanje zadostne preskrbe s hrano, lahko povzroči kateri koli dejavnik. Vse od inflacije do vojne, političnih pretresov, naravnih nesreč ali bolezni pridelkov lahko zažge nesrečo, ki ima zelo razširjene posledice na prebivalstvo regije ali države. Na vse celine na svetu so vplivale tudi pomlajenosti, vendar se je pogostost in lokacija uhajanja s časom spreminjala.

Kratka zgodovina in razlogi
Čeprav se je lakota s sodobnostjo zmanjšala in se je najhujša zgodila pred stoletji, je lakota v našem sodobnem svetu še vedno zaskrbljujoče pogosta. Na srečo so prizadevanja Združenih narodov in druge oblike pomoči pomagale zmanjšati smrtnost ob nastopu lakote, vendar so posledice lakote še vedno hude. Konflikt je glavni dejavnik večine današnje lakote.
Poleg tega je lakota pogosto nastajala v 16. in 17. stoletju, deloma zaradi primitivnih kmetijskih tehnik. Ko se je kmetijstvo razvijalo in napredovalo, se je komercializacija povečevala. Nujnost je povzročila povečanje produktivnosti kmetij, saj so kmetje pogosto živeli na zemlji, ki je v lasti lastnika stanovanja. To je pomenilo, da je prej družina lahko pridelala samo hrano, ki jo potrebuje, zdaj pa ima večina kmetij komercialne ali industrijske presežke. Ko so se družbe razvijale in modernizirale, so se vzroki lakote spreminjali. Medtem ko so izboljšane tehnike kmetovanja in pridelki pridelkov odpravili nekatera vprašanja, so industrializacija, vladni nadzor in vojna prinesli nove pomisleke. V 20. stoletju so se zgodile lakote z izjemno velikimi izgubami.

Velika kitajska lakota 1959-61
Najsmrtonosnejša lakota v zgodovini se je zgodila na Kitajskem med letoma 1959 in 1961. Ta katastrofa je pogosto navedena kot ena največjih nesreč, ki jih je povzročil človek, čeprav regionalna suša igra pomembno vlogo. Lakoto je povzročila kombinacija političnih in družbenih dejavnikov, ki jih je povzročila Ljudska republika Kitajska. Začetek leta 1958 je Veliki skok naprej in ljudske komune ustvaril smrtonosno okolje, ki je terjalo več deset milijonov življenj. Te politike so vključevale korenite spremembe kmetijske politike in prepoved lastništva kmetij. Poleg tega so bili kmetje preusmerjeni iz kmetijstva v korist proizvodnje železa in jekla, kar je močno zmanjšalo kmetijsko proizvodnjo. Vse to je privedlo do znatnega upada kitajske pridelave žita in obsežnega pomanjkanja hrane. Medtem ko so vlade poročale o približno 15 milijonih smrtnih žrtev, se strokovnjaki strinjajo, da je število smrtnih žrtev večje in se številke gibljejo od 20 do 50 milijonov.

1907 kitajska lakota
Severna Kitajska je utrpela lakoto, ki je zahtevala 25 milijonov življenj. To lakoto so povzročile močne padavine med rastno sezono, ki so uničile številne rastline in ovirale pridelavo hrane. V tem času je bilo poplavljenih skoraj 40.000 kvadratnih kilometrov zemlje v provincah Honan, Kiang-su in Anhui. V tej katastrofi je umrlo približno 10% prebivalstva severne Kitajske.

Chalisa in južnoindijske lakote 1782–84
Lakota Chalisa se je zgodila v severni Indiji od 1783 do 1784 in je sledila podobni lakoti, ki se je zgodila v južni Indiji prejšnje leto. Leta 1780 je Indijo zajelo nenavadno vroče vreme, ki se je nadaljevalo naslednjih nekaj let in povzročilo hudo sušo. Zaradi ekstremne vročine in pomanjkanja dežja so se pridelki in viri hrane izčrpali ali niso mogli rasti, kar je hitro povzročilo pomanjkanje hrane. Med obema lakotama se je zgodilo več kot 11 milijonov smrtnih žrtev in število prebivalstva se je drastično zmanjšalo, zlasti na ozemlju Delhija.

Bengalska lakota iz leta 1770, najsmrtonosnejša lakota v zgodovini
Leta 1770 je Bengalijo prizadela uničujoča lakota, ki je iztrebila približno tretjino prebivalstva. Lakota je nastala zaradi močne suše in pomanjkanja pridelka. Nato je regiji vladala East India Trading Company, njihova osredotočenost na dobiček pa je težavo še poslabšala. Kljub poslabšanju pogojev kmetovanja so se davki povečali, pridelki pa so se iz riža preusmerili v bolj donosna opija in indiga. To je pomenilo, da so se kmetje ne le trudili, da bi pridelali hrano, ampak je bilo tisto, kar je bilo na voljo, nedosegljivo. Zaradi tega slabega upravljanja je skoraj 10 milijonov ljudi umrlo od lakote.

Sovjetska lakota (holodomor) 1932-33
Leta 1932 je Sovjetska zveza, ki jo je takrat vodil Jožef Stalin, videla lakoto, ki jo je povzročil človek, ki je pobila milijone v Ukrajini, Kazahstanu, Severnem Kavkazu in Volgi. Med letoma 1932 in 1933 je prebivalstvo teh območij, ki so bila takrat pod sovjetsko oblastjo, močno upadlo. Ko so se voditelji bolj usmerili k industrializaciji kot k kmetijstvu, je bila lakota najbolj razširjena v pridelovalnih regijah. Prav tako je bila prepovedana pridelava poljščin in zasežena zaloga hrane, kar je povzročilo množično stradanje. O podrobnostih te lakote so veliko razpravljali, zato se razpravlja o številu smrtnih žrtev. Leta 2003 so Združeni narodi razglasili, da je od lakote ali njenih zapletov umrlo med 7 in 10 milijoni ljudi.

Ruska lakota 1921
Leta prve svetovne vojne so močno prizadela Rusijo. Politični nemiri in državljanske vojne v letu 1917 so privedle do krvave revolucije in začetka sovjetske oblasti. V teh letih so zasegli hrano in jo dali boljševiškim vojakom. To pa je povzročilo upad proizvodnje hrane, saj so se nekateri odločili, da ne bodo gojili pridelkov, ki jih ne bi smeli jesti. Ko so bile vzpostavljene politike za zmanjšanje napetosti med kmeti in oblastmi, je bilo v porečju Volge strašno pomanjkanje pridelka. Zaradi tega je življenje izgubilo približno 5 milijonov Rusov.

Severnokorejska lakota 1994-98
Ena najbolj uničujočih lakot sodobnega časa, severnokorejska lakota ali marca trpljenja, je trajala od leta 1994 do 1998. To lakoto je povzročila kombinacija naravnih vzrokov in diktatorske vladavine. Leta 1995 je bila v Severni Koreji velika poplava, ki je uničila več kot milijon ton žita. Severnokorejska politika „najprej vojaško“ je pomenila tudi, da so bili viri, delovna sila in zaloge hrane usmerjeni na vojsko in ne na civiliste. V tem primeru milijoni ljudi niso mogli najti hrane. Tuja pomoč je pomagala zmanjšati število smrtnih žrtev in prejeli so približno 3,5 tone donacij s hrano. Kljub temu je število smrtnih žrtev ocenjeno na približno 3 milijone, čeprav naj bi severnokorejske oblasti o številkah znatno premalo poročale.

Perzijska lakota 1917-19
Prva svetovna vojna je v večjem delu Perzije prinesla obdobje lakote in bolezni, ki ji je takrat vladala dinastija Qajar. Eden vodilnih dejavnikov te lakote je bila več hudih suš, ki so drastično zmanjšale kmetijsko proizvodnjo. Poleg tega so pridelano hrano zasegle okupacijske sile. Spremembe trgovine in splošni nemiri med vojno so povečali strah in ustvarili kopičenje razmer, ki so položaj še poslabšale. To je povzročilo veliko lakoto. Čeprav natančnega števila smrtnih primerov ni razkrito, naj bi življenje izgubilo približno 2 milijona ljudi.

Irska krompirjeva lakota 1845-1853
Druga najhujša lakota je irska krompirjeva lakota, ki se je zgodila med letoma 1845 in 1853. Povzročila jo je bolezen pridelkov, ki je ubila večino irskega krompirja. Krompir je bil takrat največji vir hrane, zlasti za revne državljane, pomanjkanje krompirja pa je pomenilo močno pomanjkanje hrane. Ker so bili pridelki omejeni, so Irci potrebovali pomoč, da so imeli dovolj hrane za preživetje. Vendar so britanske nacionalne ladje preprečile pomoč drugim državam in s tem povzročile več smrti in stradanja. Zaradi lakote je bilo iztrebljenih približno 25% državljanov države, med 1 in 2 milijona ljudi pa je pobegnilo v Severno Ameriko.

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