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Hvad er en sensor? Hvad er typerne?
Sensorerne tjene som en bro, der forbinder det fysiske miljø og de elektriske/elektroniske enheder til industrielle formål. Disse enheder har en bred vifte af applikationer såsom styring, beskyttelse og imaging under den industrielle proces.
Hundredvis af forskellige typer af sensorer produceret i dag kan nævnes. Utrolig hurtig udvikling i mikro-elektronik teknologi giver dig mulighed at udvikle en ny opfindelse eller en ny type program hver dag.
I den tekniske terminologi anvendes Sensor og transducer ofte i stedet for hinanden. Transduceren er generelt defineres som energi konverteren. Sensoren er en anordning, der konverterer forskellige energi formater til elektrisk energi. I 1969, men ISA (Instrument Society of America) anerkendt disse to begreber som synonymer ogbeskrev det som "et værktøj, der konverterer målte fysiske egenskaber, mængder og betingelser i en elektrisk beløb til rådighed".
Klassificering af sensorer
Det er muligt at adskille sensorerne i mange forskellige klasser. Ifølge de målte størrelsen efter størrelsen af output, ifølge kravet om fodring osv...
Ved indrejse størrelser
Størrelsen måles af sensorerne kan opdeles i 6 grupper. Disse;
1. mekaniske: Længde, område, mængde, massestrømmen, kraft, drejningsmoment(øjeblik), tryk, hastighed, acceleration, position, lyder bølgelængde og intensitet
2. termisk: temperatur, varme flux
3. elektriske: Spænding, strøm, çarc, modstand, induktans, kapacitans, dielektrisk koefficient, polarisering, elektrisk felt og hyppighed
4. magnetiske: feltet tæthed, fluxtæthed og magnetisk øjeblik permeabilitet
5. skær: Tæthed, bølgelængde, polarisering, fase, projektion, sender
6. kemisk: kondens, indhold, oxidation/redaction, reaktionshastigheden, PH mængde
Ifølge output størrelser
På den anden side kan digitale udgange, der er alternative til analoge udgange kommunikere direkte med computere. Visse protokoller bruges ved udarbejdelsen af disse meddelelser. Seriel kommunikationsprotokoller er nævnt kort nedenfor.
RS232C: Denne protokol blev oprindeligt designet til telefon datakommunikation. Så mange it-systemer begyndte at bruge det ofte, og i sidste ende RS232 er blevet en standard kommunikationsprotokol. RS232C's arbejde skal ende i en (single-ended). Logik er mellem 1 =-15,0-3 og logik 0 = + 3, + 15. Sensorer sender data til computeren i bits og i henhold til seriel Kommunikationsprotokollen. Da RS232C er en single-ended interface, afstanden mellem modtageren og afsenderen skal holdes kortmed hensyn til at reducere negative faktorer (EMI, RFI interferens) fra det ydre miljø.
RS422A: Denne protokol har en differentieret endte interface. Afstanden mellem transceiveren er langt nok væk. Systemet vil fortsætte med at kommunikere, selv hvisdæmpning er reduceret til et niveau af 200mv på grund af denne afstand. Tak til grænsefladen differential signal dæmpning er ubetydelig og kan være forsynet med en meget høj datahastighed. I kommunikationen mellem sensoren og computeren bruges den Twisted Pair (parsnoet kabel) til at interagere med eksterne påvirkninger.
RS485: Standard 422a er en protokol, der er oprettet ved at forlænge protokollen. 32 receiver transmitter kan arbejde med denne protokol til at levere datakommunikation med et enkelt kabel. RS485-protokollen eliminerer kommunikationsproblemer på kablet.
Output interface type Max længde max Data sats kommunikation type RS232C enkelt endte spænding 15 Mt 20kbps punkt til punkt RS422A differantial spænding 1,2 km 10mbps punkt til punkt RS485A differantial spænding 1,2 km 10mbps multidrop(32 Node) tabel 2: seriel Kommunikationsprotokoller
I henhold til kravet om fodring
Sensorer kan opdeles i to klasser alt efter deres forsyning krav. Disse;
Passive sensorer
De konvertere fysiske eller kemiske værdier til en anden størrelse uden at modtageeksterne energi (uden behov for Strømforsyningens spænding) på nogen måde. Eksempler på denne sensor type er termoelement (T/C) eller switche. T/C vil blive forklaret nedenfor. Nøglen er at konvertere en mekanisk bevægelse i en elektrisk tændingsom kendt.
Aktive sensorer
De har brug for en ekstern energi kost for deres arbejde. Disse sensorer er typisk bruges til at måle svage signaler. Punkterne skal betragtes i aktive sensorer er ind- ogudgange. Disse typer af sensorer producerer elektriske udgangssignaler i digital eller analog format. I analoge udgange er outputstørrelse spænding eller strøm. Spænding output er generelt temmelig udbredt i intervallet 0-5v. 4-20ma nuværende produktion er imidlertid nu blevet standard i branchen. I nogle tilfælde, den nuværendecyklus af 0-20ma bruges, men i tilfælde som afbrydelse af industrien ofte forekommer i linjerne, systemet er lettere at opdage og 4-20ma er mere udbredt for at foretage datakommunikation sund. Meget gamle sensorer har 10-50 MA nuværende udgange. Anvendelsen af den mest udbredte 4-20 MA cyklus type i industrien kræver nogle særlige lejligheder.
Disse punkter er;
• Ingen elektriske netspænding er påkrævet ved eksterne punkter hvor sensorerne er placeret.
• Sensorer bør anvendes i farlige applikationer hvor spænding signal kan være begrænset!
• Kabler til sensoren skal være begrænset til to.
• De nuværende cykler er relativt beskyttet mod pludselig hopper af støj spænding.Men det kan ikke overføre langdistance data.
• Sensorer skal være elektrisk isoleret fra maaleanlaegget.
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