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Hva er en sensor? Hva er typene?
Sensorene være en bro som kobler det fysiske miljøet og de elektriske/elektroniskeenhetene for industrielle formål. Disse enhetene har en rekke programmer som kontroll, beskyttelse og bildebehandling under den industrielle prosessen.
Hundrevis av typer sensorer produseres i dag kan nevnes. Utrolig raske utviklingen imikro-elektronikk teknologi gjør det mulig å utvikle en ny oppfinnelse eller en ny type programmet hver dag.
I teknisk terminologi brukes Sensor og svingeren ofte i stedet for hverandre. Svingeren er vanligvis definert som konverteringsprogrammet energi. Sensoren er en enhetsom konverterer forskjellige formater som energi til elektrisk energi. I 1969, men ISA(Instrument Society of America) anerkjent disse to termene som synonymer, og beskrev det som "et verktøy som konverterer det målte fysiske egenskaper, mengder og betingelser i et elektrisk beløp".
Klassifisering av sensorer
Det er mulig å skille sensorer i mange forskjellige klasser. Ifølge målt størrelsen, avhengig av resultatet, ifølge kravet til fôring osv...
Ved oppføring størrelser
Størrelsen målt av sensorer kan deles inn i 6 grupper. Disse;
1. mekanisk: Lengde, område, antallet, masse flow, kraft, dreiemoment (øyeblikk), press, hastighet, akselerasjon, posisjon, høres bølgelengde og intensitet
2. termisk: temperatur, varme fluks
3. elektrisk: Spenning, strøm, çarc, motstand, Induktans, kapasitans, dielektrisk koeffisienten, polarisering, elektrisk felt og frekvens
4. magnetiske: feltet tetthet, flux tetthet, magnetiske øyeblikk, permeabilitet
5. glød: Tetthet, bølgelengde, polarisering, fase, projeksjon, sende
6. kjemisk: kondens, innhold, oksidasjon/redaksjonen, reaksjon hastighet, PH antall
Ifølge utgang størrelsene
På den annen side, kan digitale utganger som alternativ til analoge utganger kommunisere direkte med datamaskiner. Visse protokollene brukes ved å etablere dennekommunikasjonen. Seriell kommunikasjonsprotokoller er nevnt kort nedenfor.
RS232C: Denne protokollen ble opprinnelig utviklet for telefon datakommunikasjon.Mange datasystemer begynte å bruke den ofte, og til slutt RS232 har blitt en standard kommunikasjonsprotokoll. RS232C's arbeidet skal slutte i en (soklede). Logikkener mellom 1 =-15,0-3 og logikk 0 = + 3, + 15. Sensorer sender data til datamaskinen i biter og seriell kommunikasjonsprotokollen. Siden RS232C er en-soklede grensesnitt, avstanden mellom mottakeren og avsenderen bør holdes kort når det gjelder å redusere negative faktorer (EMI, RFI forstyrrelser) fra det eksterne miljøet.
RS422A: Denne protokollen har en differensiell endte grensesnitt. Avstanden mellom mottakeren er langt nok unna. Systemet vil fortsette å kommunisere selv om demping er redusert til et nivå av 200mv på grunn av denne avstanden. Takket være differensial grensesnittet, signalet demping ubetydelig og kan leveres med en svært høy datahastighet. I kommunikasjon mellom sensoren og datamaskinen, tvunnet parkabel (vridd kabel) til å samhandle med ytre påvirkninger.
RS485: Standard 422a er en protokoll som er opprettet ved å utvide protokollen. 32mottaker senderen kan arbeide med denne protokollen å gi datakommunikasjon med en enkelt kabel. RS485 protokollen eliminerer kommunikasjonsproblemer på kabelen.
Utgang grensesnitt type maks lengde max Data rate kommunikasjon type RS232C enkelt endte spenning 15 Mt 20kbps punkt til punkt RS422A differantial spenning 1,2km 10 Mbps punkt til punkt RS485A differantial spenning 1,2 km 10 Mbps multidrop (32 Node) tabell 2: føljetong Kommunikasjonsprotokoller
Ifølge kravet til fôring
Sensorer kan deles inn i to klasser i henhold til deres tilbud krav. Disse;
Passiv sensorer
De konvertere fysisk eller kjemiske verdier til en annen størrelse uten å motta eksterne energi (uten behovet for forsyningsspenningen) på noen måte. Eksempler på slike sensoren er thermocouple (T/C) eller brytere. T/C vil bli forklart under. Nøkkelen er å konvertere en mekanisk bevegelse i en elektrisk tenning som kjent.
Aktive sensorer
De trenger en ekstern energi kosthold for deres arbeid. Disse sensorene brukes vanligvis til å måle svake signaler. Punktene vurderes i aktive sensorer er innganger og utganger. Disse typer sensorer produserer elektriske utsignaler i digital eller analog format. I analoge utganger er utgang voltage eller nåværende. Spenning produksjonbrukes vanligvis ganske mye i området 0-5v. Men har 4-20ma gjeldende produksjonnå blitt standard i bransjen. I noen tilfeller den nåværende syklusen med 0-20ma brukes, men i tilfeller avbrudd i industrien ofte forekommende linjene systemet er lettere å oppdage og 4-20ma er mer vanlig for å gjøre datakommunikasjon sunn. Svært gamle sensorer har 10-50 MA gjeldende utganger. Den mest brukte 4-20 MA Kretsdiagram-typen i bransjen krever spesielle anledninger.
Disse punktene er;
• Ingen elektrisk forsyningsspenningen kreves på eksterne steder hvor sensorene erplassert.
• Sensorer bør brukes i farlige programmer der spenningen signalet kan være begrenset!
• Kabler til sensoren må være begrenset til to.
• Gjeldende sykluser er relativt beskyttet mot plutselig hopper av støy spenning. Men kan ikke det overføre langdistanse data.
• Sensorer må være elektrisk isolert fra måling systemet.
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