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Vad är en sensor? Vilka är typerna?
Sensorerna fungerar som en bro som förbinder den fysiska miljön och de elektriska/elektroniska anordningarna för industriella ändamål. Dessa enheter har ett brett utbud av applikationer såsom kontroll, skydd och imaging under den industriella processen.
Hundratals typer av sensorer som produceras idag kan nämnas. Otroligt snabba utvecklingen inom mikro-elektronik ger dig möjlighet att utveckla en ny uppfinning eller en ny typ av programmet varje dag.
I teknisk terminologi används villkoren i sensorn och givaren ofta i stället för varandra. Givaren är allmänt definieras som den energi converter. Sensorn är en enhet somkonverterar olika energi format till elektrisk energi. 1969, men ISA (instrumentet Society of America) erkänt dessa två termer som synonymer och beskrev det som ”ett verktyg som omvandlar den uppmätta fysiska egenskaper, kvantiteter och villkor till ett tillgängligt elektrisk belopp”.
Klassificering av sensorer
Det är möjligt att separera sensorerna i många olika klasser. Enligt den uppmätta storleken, beroende på storleken på utdata, enligt kravet i utfodring osv...
Av posten storlekar
Storleken mäts av sensorer kan delas in i 6 grupper. Dessa;
1. mekanisk: Längd, område, kvantitet, massflödet, kraft, vridmoment (tidpunkt), tryck, hastighet, acceleration, position, ljud våglängd och intensitet
2. termiska: temperatur, värmeflödet
3. elektrisk: Spänning, ström, çarc, motstånd, induktans, kapacitans, dielektriska koefficient, polarisering, elektriskt fält och frekvens
4. magnetiska: fältet densitet, flödestäthet, magnetiskt ögonblick, permeabilitet
5. glow: Densitet, våglängd, polarisering, fas, projektion, skicka
6. kemisk: kondens, innehåll, oxidation/bortredigeringsverktyg,reaktionshastigheten, PH kvantitet
Enligt utmatningsstorlekar
Däremot, kan digitala utgångar som är alternativ till analoga utgångar kommunicera direkt med datorer. Vissa protokoll används vid upprättandet av dessa meddelanden. De seriella kommunikationsprotokoll nämns kortfattat nedan.
RS232C: Detta protokoll utformades ursprungligen för telefon datakommunikation.Då många datorsystem började använda den ofta, och i slutändan RS232 har blivit en standard kommunikationsprotokoll. RS232C's arbete bör avslutas i en (single-ended). Logiken är mellan 1 =-15,0-3 och logic 0 = + 3, + 15. Sensorerna skickar data till datorn i bitar och i enlighet med av protokollet för seriell kommunikation. Eftersom RS232C är ett gränssnitt för enkel fattning, avståndet mellan mottagaren och avsändaren bör hållas kort när det gäller att minska negativa faktorer (EMI, RFI störningar) från den yttre miljön.
RS422A: Detta protokoll har en differentiell slutade gränssnitt. Avståndet mellan sändtagaren är tillräckligt långt bort. Systemet kommer att fortsätta att kommunicera även om dämpning reduceras till en nivå av 200mv på grund av detta avstånd. Tack vare det differentiella gränssnittet, signal dämpning är försumbar och kan förses meden mycket hög datahastighet. I kommunikationen mellan sensorn och datorn används det Twisted Pair (partvinnad kabel) kan interagera med externa influenser.
RS485: Standard 422a är ett protokoll som skapas genom att utvidga protokollet. 32mottagare sändaren kan arbeta med detta protokoll att tillhandahålla datakommunikation med en enda kabel. RS485 protokollet eliminerar kommunikationsproblem på kabeln.
Utgång gränssnitt typ Max kabel längd max Data rate kommunikation typ RS232C enda slutade spänning 15 Mt 20kbps punkt till punkt RS422A differantial spänning 1.2 km 10mbps punkt till punkt RS485A differantial spänning 1.2 km 10 Mbps multidrop (32 nod) tabell 2: seriell Kommunikationsprotokoll
Enligt kravet i utfodring
Sensorer kan delas in i två klasser enligt deras leverans krav. Dessa;
Passiva sensorer
De omvandlar fysiska eller kemiska värden till en annan storlek utan att få extern energi (utan behovet av matningsspänningen) på något sätt. Exempel på denna Givartyp är termoelement (T/C) eller växlar. T/C kommer att förklaras nedan. Nyckeln är att konvertera en mekanisk rörelse i en elektrisk tändning som kallas.
Aktiva sensorer
De behöver en extern energi kost för deras arbete. Dessa sensorer är vanligtvis används för att mäta svaga signaler. Punkterna som skall beaktas i aktiva sensorer är ingångar och utgångar. Dessa typer av sensorer producerar elektriska utsignaler i digitala eller analoga format. I analoga utgångar är produktionen storlek spänning eller ström. Spänningsutgång används i allmänhet ganska allmänt i intervallet 0-5v. Men har 4-20ma nuvarande utdata nu blivit standard i branschen. I vissa fall kan den nuvarande cykeln av 0-20ma används, men i fall såsom störningar i branschen som ofta förekommer i raderna, systemet är lättare att upptäcka och 4-20ma är vanligare för att göra datakommunikation friska. Mycket gamla sensorer har 10-50 MA nuvarandeutgångar. Den mest använda 4-20 MA cykel typ i branschen förutsätter att vissa speciella tillfällen.
Dessa punkter är;
• Ingen elektrisk spänning krävs på avlägsna platser där sensorerna är placerade.
• Sensorer bör användas i farliga applikationer där spänning signalen kan vara begränsad!
• Kablarna till sensorn måste vara begränsat till två.
• De nuvarande cyklerna är relativt skyddade mot plötsliga hopp av buller spänning.Det dock inte kan överföra långväga data.
• Sensorer måste vara elektriskt isolerade från mätsystemet.
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