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Cos'è un sensore? Quali sono i tipi?
I sensori fungono da ponte che collega l'ambiente fisico e i dispositivi elettrici/elettronici a fini industriali. Questi dispositivi hanno una vasta gamma di applicazioni come il controllo, la protezione e la formazione immagine durante il processo industriale.
Centinaia di tipi di sensori prodotti oggi possono essere menzionati. Gli sviluppi incredibilmente veloci nella tecnologia di micro-elettronica permettono che sviluppiate una nuova invenzione o un nuovo tipo di applicazione giornaliere.
Nella terminologia tecnica, i termini del sensore e del trasduttore sono usati frequentemente al posto di a vicenda. Il trasduttore è generalmente definito come il convertitore di energia. Il sensore è un dispositivo che converte vari formati di energia in energia elettrica. Nel 1969, tuttavia, l'ISA (strumento della società d'America) ha riconosciuto questi due termini come sinonimi e lo ha descritto come "uno strumento che converte le proprietà fisiche misurate, le quantità e le condizioni in una quantità elettrica disponibile".
Classificazione dei sensori
È possibile separare i sensori in varie classi. Secondo il formato misurato, secondo il formato dell'uscita, secondo il requisito di alimentazione ecc...
Per dimensioni ingresso
Le dimensioni misurate dai sensori possono essere divise in 6 gruppi. Questi;
1. Mechanical: lunghezza, zona, quantità, flusso totale, forza, coppia di torsione (momento), pressione, velocità, accelerazione, posizione, lunghezza d'onda e intensità sonora
2. Thermal: temperatura, flusso di calore
3. Electrical: tensione, corrente, çarc, resistore, induttanza, capacità, coefficente dielettrico, polarizzazione, campo elettrico e frequenza
4. magnetico: densità di campo, densità di flusso, momento magnetico, permeabilità
5. Glow: densità, lunghezza d'onda, polarizzazione, fase, proiezione, invio
6. Chemical: condensazione, soddisfare, ossidazione/redazione, tasso di reazione, quantità di pH
Secondo le dimensioni di uscita
D'altra parte, le uscite digitali che sono alternative alle uscite analogiche possono comunicare direttamente con i computer. Alcuni protocolli vengono utilizzati per stabilire queste comunicazioni. I protocolli di comunicazione seriale sono accennati brevemente sotto.
RS232C: questo protocollo è stato originariamente progettato per la comunicazione dei dati del telefono. Poi molti sistemi informatici iniziato ad usarlo frequentemente, e in ultima analisi, RS232 è diventato un protocollo di comunicazione standard. Il lavoro di RS232C's dovrebbe concludersi in uno (singolo-concluso). La logica è compresa tra 1 =-15.0-3 e logica 0 = + 3, + 15. I sensori inviano i dati al computer in bit e in conformità con il protocollo di comunicazione seriale. Poiché RS232C è un'interfaccia single-ended, la distanza tra il ricevitore e il mittente deve essere mantenuta breve in termini di riduzione di fattori negativi (EMI, RFI interferenze) dall'ambiente esterno.
RS422A: questo protocollo ha un'interfaccia a terminazione differenziale. La distanza tra il ricetrasmettitore è abbastanza lontana. Il sistema continuerà a comunicare anche se l'attenuazione è ridotta a un livello di 200 a causa di questa distanza. Grazie all'interfaccia differenziale, l'attenuazione del segnale è trascurabile e può essere fornita con un altissimo tasso di dati. In comunicazione tra il sensore e il computer, il twisted pair (Twisted Cable) viene utilizzato per interagire con le influenze esterne.
RS485: standard 422A è un protocollo che viene creato estendendo il protocollo. Il trasmettitore ricevitore 32 può lavorare con questo protocollo per fornire la comunicazione dei dati con un singolo cavo. Il protocollo RS485 Elimina i problemi di comunicazione sul cavo.
Interfaccia di uscita tipo Max lunghezza cavo max velocità dati tipo di comunicazione RS232C singola tensione di alimentazione 15 mt 20kbps punto a punto RS422A differantial tensione 1,2 km 10Mbps punto a punto RS485 differantial tensione 1,2 km 10Mbps multidrop (32 nodo) tabella 2: seriale protocolli di comunicazione
Secondo il requisito di alimentazione
I sensori possono essere divisi in due classi secondo il loro fabbisogno di fornitura. Questi;
Sensori passivi
Convertono valori fisici o chimici in un'altra dimensione senza ricevere energia esterna (senza necessità di tensione di alimentazione) in alcun modo. Esempi di questo tipo di sensore sono la termocoppia (T/C) o gli interruttori. T/C sarà spiegato di seguito. La chiave è quella di convertire un movimento meccanico in una accensione elettrica come noto.
Sensori attivi
Hanno bisogno di una dieta energetica esterna per il loro lavoro. Questi sensori sono tipicamente usati per misurare i segnali deboli. I punti da considerare nei sensori attivi sono ingressi e uscite. Questi tipi di sensori producono segnali di uscita elettrici in formato digitale o analogico. Nelle uscite analogiche, la dimensione dell'uscita è tensione o corrente. L'uscita di tensione è usata generalmente abbastanza ampiamente nella gamma di 0-5V. Tuttavia, l'uscita corrente 4-20mA ora è diventato lo standard nel settore. In alcuni casi, il ciclo attuale di 0-20mA è utilizzato, ma in casi come la rottura per l'industria spesso che si verificano nelle linee, il sistema è più facile da rilevare e 4-20mA è più comune al fine di rendere la comunicazione dei dati in buona salute. Sensori molto vecchi hanno 10-50 ma uscite correnti. L'uso del tipo di ciclo di 4-20 ma più ampiamente usato nell'industria richiede alcune occasioni speciali.
Questi punti sono;
• Nessuna tensione di alimentazione elettrica è richiesta nei punti remoti dove sono posizionati i sensori.
• I sensori devono essere utilizzati in applicazioni pericolose dove il segnale di tensione può essere limitato!
• I cavi del sensore devono essere limitati a due.
• I cicli correnti sono relativamente protetti contro salti improvvisi della tensione di rumore. Tuttavia, non può trasmettere dati a lunga distanza.
• I sensori devono essere isolati elettricamente dal sistema di misura.
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