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Какви са видовете водородни горивни клетки?

Типове горивни клетки

 

В зависимост от видовете електролит употреба, горивни клетки могат да бъдат разделени на няколко разновидности.

 

1. алкални горивни клетки (AFC)

 

Тази Горивна клетка се използва като електролит в Кох. Намаляване на кислорода в алкални електролити е по-бързо от кинетиката на киселинни електролити и използването на неметални електро катализатори прави AFC икономически. Въпреки това, тя не позволява наличието на киселинни примеси, като CO2 в околната среда поради емисионната честота.

 

Алкалните системи работят много добре при стайна температура и имат най-висока ефективност на напрежението сред всички други горивни системи. В допълнение, AFC има дълъг експлоатационен живот, тъй като тя може да се адаптира и с много материали.

 

В AFC са надеждни системи и са в състояние да постигне относително висока мощност в малък обем. Плътността на мощността варира между 100-200 MW/cm ². Разходите се опитват да бъдат доставени на 50/100 $/kW за транспортния сектор.

 

2. фосфорна киселина Горивна клетка (PAFC)

 

В тази Горивна клетка, където фосфорната киселина се използва в електролит, относителните чисти горива (като природен газ, пропан-бутан) или газът от аератора се почистват. Тя се фокусира върху две приложения най-близо до пазара. Това са електроцентрали и cogenaration единици. Необходимо е да се използва соево електро катализатор в PAFC. Въпреки това неблагоприятно положение, фосфорната киселина осигурява отлична термична, химическа и електрохимична стабилност като електролит. Освен това, Pafcs са много изгодно за оползотворяване на отпадъците топлина.

 

PAFC системи са най-развитите системи в приложенията на земята. Те се използват предимно за производство на електричество в места като апартаменти, молове и др. Pafcs се предлагат в търговската мрежа под формата на 24 V електрически генератор, от 250 W до 200 kW. Инвестиционната цена е $287/kW в 200 kW PKC система, която използва газ като гориво.

 

Pafcs може да работи най-добре на фиксиран изход ниво. С a хибрид система, то извършвам по-добър ако определителен член висок сила изискване изисквам до ускорение е p.t. и p.p. от meet с друг оръдие. Най-красивите приложения на PAFCS ще бъде в тежкотоварни превозни средства или локомотиви.

 

3. клетки от твърдо оксидно гориво (SOFC)

 

SOFCs са батерии с твърдо гориво. Повечето от клетъчните материали се състоят от специални керамика и никел. Работна температура е около 1000 º C. Тъй като горивото се комбинира с Co, водород се използва и като реакция продукт, водни пари и CO2 се появяват.

 

Sofc са места, където електричеството и топлината могат да се използват като агрегат за комбинирано производство на енергия. Парна турбина може да се комбинира с пара, за да се получи дори и с 1000 º C. По този начин, общата ефективност на системата може да достигне до 50-55%. в момента изчислените инвестиционни разходи са $1500/kW.

 

4. Протон подмяна мембрана Горивна клетка (PEMFC)

 

"Pemfc" е изобретен от генерал Електрик в началото на 1960. Тя е посочена като солидна полимер електролитни горивни клетки. При този тип горивни клетки, мембраните могат да се използват за преминаване протони (водородни йони).

 

PEM Горивна клетка се състои от солиден електролит с протони, като perphorlu сярна киселина Полимери, пресовани между две електрони, покрити с платина. Създава газова колона между електролитния анод и катода, позволяваща транспортирането на правилните водородни йони в анодния катод. Полимерни електролити се състои от газови канали дифузия намерени в газовите електроди. В същото време, тези канали са и задачата за събиране на електрически ток. Работната температура на pems е при много ниски температури, като 80-90 º C, а работното налягане е между 1-8 АТМ натиск. Тези видове горивни клетки могат да работят с водород и кислород при определена скорост на влага.

 

PEMs имат висока плътност на мощността от 350 MW/cm ² и в момента са в търговската мрежа в 100-500 W диапазон на мощността. Инвестиционните разходи също варират от 5000-13000. С намаляването на мембраната и катализатора разходи и в случай на серийно производство, тези разходи ще бъдат 10-20 пъти надолу.

 

Висока интензивност на мощността, бърз и бърз стартер и променлив изход на мощността отговарят на PEMs на разположение в транспортната зона.

 

5. стопи газираните горивни клетки (MCFC)

 

MCFC работи при температура от 600-650 º с и е едно от второ поколение горивни батерии, разработени наскоро. В Anotta CO2, богат газ продукт и H2O производство се предоставя, и CO2 е изпратен да се смесва с въздуха, влизащи в Catota.

 

Благодарение на високата работна температура на MCFC, тя може да се използва за ценни отпадъци топлина, температура на процеса и cogenaration цели. Неговите най-важни предимства са пряко използвани в клетката в анодната камера за превръщане на собствената си топлина от серен двуокис до Hydrojene. Целевите инвестиционни разходи за MCFC са на ниво от $1000/kW.

 

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