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Hvad er typerne af brintbrændselsceller?
Brændselscelle typer
Afhængigt af elektrolytten brug typer, brændselsceller kan opdeles i flere sorter.
1. alkalisk brændselscelle (AFC)
Denne brændselscelle bruges som en elektrolyt i KOH. Ilt reduktion af alkali elektrolytter er hurtigere end kinetik af syre elektrolytter og brugen af ikke-metalliske electro katalysatorer gør AFC økonomisk. Det tillader imidlertid ikke tilstedeværelsen af sure urenheder som CO2 i miljøet på grund af forureningsgrad.
Alkali systemer fungerer meget godt ved stuetemperatur og har den højeste spænding effektivitet blandt alle andre brændstofsystemer. Derudover har AFC en lang levetid, da det kan tilpasse godt med mange materialer.
AFC er pålidelige systemer og er i stand til at opnå en relativt høj effekt i små mængder. Effekttætheder variere mellem 100-200 mW/cm ². Omkostninger er forsøgt at blive leveret til 50/100 $/kw for transportsektoren.
2. fosforsyre brændselscelle (PAFC)
I dette brændstof-celle, hvor fosforsyre anvendes i elektrolytisk, de relative rene brændstoffer (f.eks. naturgas, LPG) eller gas fra beluftningsanordningen rengøres. Det fokuserer på to programmer tættest på markedet. Disse er kraftværker og cogenaration enheder. Det er nødvendigt at bruge soja metal electro katalysator i PAFC. Trods denne ulempe giver fosforsyre fremragende termiske, kemiske og elektrokemiske stabilitet som en elektrolyt. Pafcs er desuden meget fordelagtige for udnyttelse af overskudsvarme.
PAFC systemer er de mest udviklede systemer i applikationer på jorden. De er for det meste bruges til at producere elektricitet i steder som lejligheder, indkøbscentre, osv. Pafcs er kommercielt tilgængelige i form af en 24 V elektrisk generator, fra 250 W til 200 KW. Investeringsomkostningerne er $287/kw i en 200 KW PKC system, der bruger gas som brændstof.
Pafcs kan virke bedst på en fast output-niveauet. Med et hybridsystem udfører det bedre hvis kravet høj effekt kræves af acceleration er mødtes med andre værktøjer. De smukkeste anvendelser af PAFCS vil være i tunge køretøjer eller lokomotiver.
3. keramiske brændselsceller (SOFC)
SOFC er fast brændsel batterier. De fleste af materialerne, celle består af særlige keramik og nikkel. Driftstemperatur, der er omkring 1000 º C. Som brændstof er kombineret med CO, brinten er brugt og som et reaktionsprodukt, vanddamp og CO2 er på vej.
SOFC er steder, hvor både el og varme kan anvendes som en kraftvarmeproduktion unit. A dampturbine kan kombineres med damp skal indhentes selv med 1000 º C. Således samlede systemets effektivitet kan nå op til 50-55%. de aktuelt beregnede investeringsomkostninger er $1500/KW.
4. proton udskiftning membran brændselscelle (PEMFC)
"Pemfc" blev opfundet af General Electric i begyndelsen af 1960 ' erne. Det omtales som en solid polymer elektrolytisk brændselscelle. I denne type af brændselsceller, kan membraner bruges at passere protoner (brint ioner).
PEM brændselscelle er sammensat af en fast elektrolyt med protoner, som perphorlu svovlsyre syre polymerer, klemmes mellem to elektroner belagt med platin. Det skaber en gas kolonne mellem elektrolyt anode og katode, muliggør transport af de korrekte brintioner i anode katoden. Polymer elektrolytter består af gas diffusion kanaler fundet i gas elektroder. På samme tid er disse kanaler også til opgave at indsamle den elektriske strøm. Driftstemperaturen for pems er ved meget lave temperaturer, som 80-90 º C, og de operationelle belastninger er mellem 1-8 atm pres. Disse typer af brændselsceller kan arbejde med brint og ilt ved en bestemt sats af fugt.
PEMs har en høj effekttæthed på 350 mW/cm ² og er i øjeblikket fås i 100-500 W effektområde. Investeringsomkostninger er også varierede fra 5000-13000. Med nedgangen i membranen og katalysator omkostninger og ved serieproduktion, vil disse omkostninger være 10-20 fold ned.
Høj effekt intensitet, hurtige og hurtig starter og variabel effekt svarer til PEMs tilgængelige i området transport.
5. Smelt kulsyreholdige brændselscelle (MCFC)
MCFC opererer ved en temperatur på 600-650 º C og er en af den anden generation brændstof batterier udviklet for nylig. I Anotta CO2, rige gas produkt og H2O produktion er fastsat, og CO2 er sendt til at blive blandet med luft ind i Catota.
På grund af den høje temperatur af MCFC, det kan bruges til værdifulde spildvarme, behandle temperatur og cogenaration formål. Dens vigtigste fordele bruges direkte i cellen i anode kammer til konvertering af egen overskudsvarme fra desulfurization til Hydrojene. Målrettede investeringsomkostningerne for MCFC er på et niveau på $1000/KW.
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