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Vilka är typerna av vätgas bränsleceller?
Fuel celltyper
Beroende på elektrolyten använda typer, bränsleceller kan delas in i flera varianter.
1. alkalisk bränslecell (AFC)
Detta bränsleceller används som elektrolyt i KOH. Syre minskning av alkali elektrolyter är snabbare än kineticsen av syra elektrolyter och användningen av icke-metalliska electro katalysatorer gör AFC ekonomiska. Det tillåter dock inte förekomsten av sura föroreningar såsom CO2 i miljön på grund av utsläpp.
Alkali system fungerar mycket bra i rumstemperatur och har den högsta spänning effektiviteten bland alla andra bränslesystem. AFC har dessutom en lång livslängd, eftersom den kan anpassa sig väl med många material.
AFC är tillförlitliga system och kunna uppnå relativt hög effekt i liten volym. De driva tätheterna varierar mellan 100-200 mW/cm ². Kostnader försöks att levereras till de 50/100 $/kw för transportsektorn.
2. fosforsyra bränslecell (PAFC)
I detta bränsle cell där fosforsyra används i elektrolytiskt, de relativa rena bränslen (t.ex. naturgas, LPG) eller gas från luftaren städas. Den fokuserar på två ansökningar närmast marknaden. Dessa är kraftverk och cogenaration enheter. Det är nödvändigt att använda soja metall electro katalysator i PAFC. Trots denna nackdel ger fosforsyra utmärkt termiska, kemiska och elektrokemiska stabilitet som elektrolyt. Pafcs är dessutom mycket fördelaktigt för utnyttjande av spillvärme.
PAFC system är de mest utvecklade i program på jorden. De används mest för att producera el på platser såsom lägenheter, gallerior, etc. Pafcs är kommersiellt tillgängliga i form av en 24 V elektrisk generator, från 250 W till 200 KW. Investeringskostnaden är $287/kw i ett 200 KW PKC-system som använder gas som bränsle.
Pafcs kan fungerar bäst på en fast utgångsnivå. Med ett hybridsystem presterar den bättre om de hög effekt krävs av acceleration uppfylls med andra verktyg. De vackraste tillämpningarna av PAFCS kommer att vara i tunga fordon eller lok.
3. solid oxid Fuel Cells (SOFC)
SOFCs är fast bränsle batterier. De flesta av cell material består av speciella keramik och nickel. Driftstemperatur är cirka 1000 º C. Som bränsle är kombinerad med CO, väte används och som en reaktionsprodukt, vattenånga och CO2 växer fram.
SOFC är platser där både el och värme kan användas som en kraftvärme affärsenhet A ångturbin kan kombineras med ånga till fås även med 1000 º C. Alltså totala systemets effektivitet kan nå upp till 50-55%. de för närvarande beräknade investeringskostnaderna är $1500/KW.
4. proton ersättare membran bränslecell (PEMFC)
”Pemfc” uppfanns av General Electric 1960-talet. Det benämns som en solid polymer elektrolytisk bränslecell. I denna typ av bränsleceller, kan membranen användas passera protoner (vätejoner).
PEM bränslecellen består av en solid elektrolyt med protoner, såsom perphorlu svavelsyra syra polymerer, pressas mellan två elektroner belagd med platina. Det skapar en gasar kolonnen mellan elektrolyten anoden och katoden, möjliggör transport av rätt vätejonerna i anod katod. Polymera elektrolyter består av gas diffusion kanaler Funna i gas elektroder. Samtidigt är dessa kanaler också uppgiften att samla den elektriska strömmen. Driftstemperatur i pems är vid mycket låga temperaturer, såsom 80-90 ° C, och arbetstryck är mellan 1-8 atm tryck. Dessa typer av bränsleceller kan arbeta med väte och syre i en viss takt av fukt.
PEMs har en hög effekttäthet av 350 mW/cm ² och för närvarande kommersiellt tillgängliga i effektområdet 100-500 W. Investeringskostnaderna är också varierade från 5000-13000. Med nedgången i membran och katalysator kostnader och vid serieproduktion, kommer dessa kostnader att 10-20 gånger ner.
Hög effekt intensitet, snabb och snabba starter och variabel uteffekt överensstämmer med PEMs som är tillgängliga i området transport.
5. smält kolsyrade bränslecell (MCFC)
MCFC arbetar vid en temperatur av 600-650 ° C och är en av den andra generationen bränsle batterier utvecklade nyligen. Anotta CO2, rika gas produkt och H2O produktion tillhandahålls och CO2 skickas blandas med luften in i Catota.
På grund av hög driftstemperatur i MCFC, det kan användas för värdefulla spillvärme, bearbeta temperatur och cogenaration ändamål. Dess viktigaste fördelar används direkt i cellen i anoden kammaren för omvandlingen av dess egen spillvärme från avsvavling till Hydrojene. Målinriktade investeringar kostar MCFC på en nivå av $1000/KW.
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