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Hva er hydrogen brenselceller?
Brenselcelle typer
Avhengig av elektrolytt bruke brenselceller kan deles inn i flere varianter.
1. alkalisk brenselcelle (AFC)
Denne brenselcelle brukes som en elektrolytt i KOH. Bruk av ikke-metalliske electro katalysatorer gjør AFC økonomisk oksygen reduksjon i lut elektrolytter er raskere enn the kinetics av syre elektrolytter. Imidlertid, den tillater ikke tilstedeværelsen av Sure urenheter som CO2 i miljøet på grunn av utslipp rate.
Alkaliske systemer fungerer veldig bra ved romtemperatur og har den høyeste spenning effektiviteten blant alle andre drivstoff systemer. I tillegg har AFC lang levetid, som det kan tilpasse seg godt med mange materialer.
AFC er pålitelige systemer og oppnår relativt høy effekt i små volum. Makt tettheter varierer mellom 100-200 mW/cm ². Kostnader er prøvd leveres til 50/100 $/kw for transportsektoren.
2. fosforsyre brenselcelle (sesong)
I denne drivstoff celle der fosforsyre brukes i elektrolytisk, relativt ren brensel (som naturgass, LPG) eller gassen fra strålesamleren rengjøres. Det fokuserer på to programmer nærmest til markedet. Dette er planter og cogenaration enheter. Er det nødvendig å bruke en soya metall electro katalysator i sesong. Til tross for denne ulempe gir fosforsyre utmerket termisk, kjemiske og elektrokjemiske stabilitet som en elektrolytt. Videre er Pafcs svært fordelaktig for utnyttelse av avfall varme.
SESONG systemer er de mest utviklet systemene i programmene på jorden. De er mest brukt til å produsere elektrisitet på steder som leiligheter, kjøpesentre, etc. Pafcs er kommersielt tilgjengelig i form av en 24 V elektrisk generator, fra 250 W til 200 KW. Investering er $287/kw i 200 KW PKC systemer som bruker gass som drivstoff.
Pafcs kan fungere best på et bestemt nivå. Med en hybridsystem utfører det bedre hvis høy makt kravet kreves av akselerasjon er møtt med andre verktøy. PAFCS vakreste programmer vil være i tunge kjøretøyer eller lokomotiver.
3. solid oksid brenselceller (SOFC)
SOFCs er fast brensel batterier. De fleste av cellen består av spesielle keramikk og nikkel. Temperaturen er rundt 1000 º C. Som drivstoff kombineres med CO, hydrogen brukes og som en reaksjon produkt, vanndamp og CO2 dukker.
SOFC er steder hvor både elektrisitet og varme kan brukes som en kogenerering enheten A Dampturbin kan kombineres med steam innhentes selv med 1000 º C. Dermed total system effektiv kan nå opp til 50-55% de foreløpig beregnet investeringskostnader er $1500/KW.
4. proton erstatning membran brenselcelle (PEMFC)
"Pemfc" ble oppfunnet av General Electric tidlig på 1960-tallet. Det er referert til som en solid polymer elektrolytisk brenselcelle. I denne typen brenselceller, kan membraner brukes å passere protoner (hydrogen ioner).
PEM brenselcelle består av en solid elektrolytt med protoner, som perphorlu svovelsyre syre polymerer, presset mellom to elektroner belagt med platina. Det skaper en gasskolonne mellom elektrolytt anoden og katoden, muliggjør transport av de riktige hydrogen ionene i anode katode. Polymer elektrolytter består av gass diffusjon kanaler i gass elektroder. Samtidig er disse kanalene også oppgaven med å samle den elektriske strømmen. Brukstemperaturen til pems er svært lave temperaturer, for eksempel 80-90 º C, og opererer presset er mellom 1-8 atm press. Disse typer brenselceller kan arbeide med hydrogen og oksygen med ett bestemt rate av fuktighet.
PEMs har en høy tetthet av 350 mW/cm ² og er kommersielt tilgjengelig i 100-500 W strøm området. Investeringskostnader er også varierte fra 5000-13000. Med nedgangen i membranen og katalysator og i serieproduksjon, vil disse kostnadene være 10-20 ganger ned.
Høy effekt intensitet, rask og hastig starter og variabel utgangseffekt overholder PEMs som er tilgjengelig i området transport.
5. smelte kullsyreholdige brenselcelle (MCFC)
MCFC opererer ved en temperatur på 600-650 º C og er en av andre generasjon drivstoff batterier nylig utviklet. I Anotta CO2, gass produkt og H2O produksjon tilbys, og CO2 sendes til blandes med luft inn på Catota.
På grunn av MCFC høye brukstemperaturen, det kan brukes for verdifulle spillvarme, behandle temperatur og cogenaration. De viktigste fordelene brukes direkte i cellen i anoden kammeret for konvertering av sin egen spillvarme fra desulfurization til Hydrojene. Målrettet investering kostnaden for MCFC er på et nivå på $1000/KW.
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