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Sejarah arang batu
Perkembangan dalam bidang industri yang terpercik dari Britain ke negara-negara luar. Sejak awal abad ke-18, Perancis telah mengekori perkembangan teknikal di Britain dengan faedah dan dihantar seorang usahawan Amerika muda luar manş itu.
Misi usahawan muda adalah untuk mengenalpasti kaedah-kaedah baru yang digunakan dalam perusahaan perlombongan. Perancis, yang belajar Bahasa Inggeris kapitalisme, mempunyai semangat untuk mempunyai yang mengatakan dalam kehidupan ekonomi negara dan mencapai lebih banyak inisiatif. Loncads' tentangan terdesak dan prasangka yang mulia telah kehilangan kuasa bekas mereka sekarang. Antara pemegang periuk api Anzin (1757) daripada syarikat-syarikat yang pertama untuk berkongsi stok, Terdapat seramai lain Croy, Charost dan Choulnes Dukes di golongan bourgeoisie. Turgot Menteri Kewangan juga disokong inisiatif khas. Borang-borang baru pinjaman, Bursa Saham Paris dan 1757 ′ pertama Perancis tentera laut pengangkutan syarikat insurans di pertubuhan tersebut, percambahan kilang-kilang menjadi kaki depan.
Kerja-kerja Jabatan Buruh di kilang-kilang tersebut secara beransur-ansur menetap, pengeluaran besar-besaran telah meningkat. Sementara itu, pada tahun 1777, yang pertama "Jenny" di Rouen telah memasuki operasi, dan kita tidak berikan isyarat. Di semua negara-negara Eropah, industri asas adalah masih pakaian dan meriam. Lebih tepat lagi, mereka adalah Raja-Raja yang keutamaan industri ini. Oleh itu, sekolah-sekolah teknikal yang pertama telah ditubuhkan (yang pertama adalah 1745 ′ di Brunswick (Jerman) dan jurutera perlombongan mula bercucuk tanam. Kerana alasan yang sama, para saintis telah mendengar keperluan untuk menjurus kepada teknik ini. Kepentingan kawasan-kawasan ini adalah disebabkan oleh hakikat bahawa industri perlombongan datang terutamanya dalam pengeluaran senjata dan industri tenunan adalah kedua-duanya berpakaian tentera dan mendapat keuntungan di pasaran luar negara.
Britain telah dibayar dgn pengorbanan yg besar untuk menjadi negara pertama untuk membangunkan industri ini. Relau tinggi yang digunakan untuk memisahkan seterika dari bijih mineral yang telah menelan gluttony kayu, di sisi lain, keuntungan tinggi yang disediakan oleh pihak industri bulu mendorong pemilik-pemilik tanah untuk pasture tanaman mereka kepada makanan ternakan mereka. Mereka tidak takut untuk menebang hutan. Seluruh hutan ditelan oleh industri perlombongan. Beliau berada di tempat-tempat hutan Dekan keseluruhan. Kalau dia pergi seperti ini, dia tidak pun dapat membuang twig yang mulut mereka yang tamak. Pula Britain perlu membawa besi dari Sweden disebabkan lombong sendiri?
Di sini pada 1625, seorang lelaki muda bernama Dudley telah bertanya kepada diri sendiri soalan itu. Di Birmingham, Ketua sebuah kilang milik bapanya, di hutan-hutan sekitar, dilihat seperti pengeluaran jatuh. Dalam kes ini, ia adalah perlu untuk mencari satu lagi bahan yang mudah terbakar daripada kayu. Mungkin yang telah menjadi arang? Kerana dia tiada peranan sehingga hari itu, kami telah hampir tidak pernah disebut lombong arang batu. Orang-orang kuno menggunakan sangat sedikit lombong arang; Kerana mereka mempunyai hamba untuk memanaskan rumah masing-masing, dan untuk mendapatkan banyak kuasa kayu dan mekanikal. Hanya orang Cina menggunakan arang batu untuk memasak porselin, terutamanya. Pendek kata, ia tidak berlaku kepada sesiapa sahaja untuk mengambil kesempatan daripada lombong arang batu, kecuali ia adalah mandatori. Bermula dari abad ke-12, kebimbangan mengenai kayu telah dimulakan. Pemanasan, buatan sendiri, kapal-kapal dan jentera adalah serupa dengan akar hutan; Maka masalah bahan api itu datang terutamanya di kawasan perindustrian seperti Belgium, England, Ruhr. Tetapi bagaimana pula orang akan berfikir tentang "batu hitam" bahawa mereka telah underestimating selama ini?
Khabar angin telah ia, kami terhutang budi arang untuk sebuah blacksmith Belgium yang bernama Houillos. Manusia (pada 1197) sehari Bilakah beliau duduk pada permulaan Relau habis dan pemikiran tanah hitam, seorang berambut gelap, Sheikh lelaki berusia, yang menyaksikan the blacksmith begitu terdesak untuk melihatnya, "Kawan saya," katanya, "pergi ke gunung jiran, menggali tanah, besi Anda akan menemui urat tanah hitam untuk mengalahkan." Orang yang mendengar itu, Houillos berlari, melakukan apa yang dikatakan oleh lelaki tua itu. Selepas itu, dibakar di dapur dan pelalian dimasak. Houillos tidak teragak-agak untuk mendedahkan rahsia itu kepada orang lain--supaya mereka menamakan batu hitam ini "Houil" dalam Bahasa Perancis. Ini adalah fakta-fakta yang benar, janganlah kamu turuti, ia adalah tertentu: lombong arang batu Belgium telah beroperasi sejak 1224. Britain dalam 1239 di Newcastle, Perancis di 1320 ′ Rochela-Moliere, Jerman dalam 1429, Ruhr mula beroperasi lombong arang batu.
Malangnya, arang batu yang diekstrak daripada simpanan ini adalah rendah, dan ia adalah intipati yang syaitan kerana bau sulfur, yang menyebabkan sesetengah penyakit, menyebabkan kemudaratan kepada kulit wanita itu, mencemarkan Perkhidmatan Dobi, dan lain-lain... Ia dipercayai. Jadi, hingga 1340, Namun, sejumlah jarang orang berani untuk menggunakannya.
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English
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Deutsche
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български
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hrvatski
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čeština
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dansk
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Nederlands
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français
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Ελληνικά
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हिंदी
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Indonesia
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italiano
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norsk
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Polskie
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Português
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românesc
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русский
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slovenský
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español
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Український
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Melayu
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svenska
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ไทย
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Magyar
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việt
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Suomalainen
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