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A invenção do pulso de disparo mecânico
Os primeiros passos para a medição mecânica do tempo vieram do clero. Os monges tinham que saber o tempo exato para orar. Os primeiros relógios mecânicos foram feitos para anunciar o tempo, não o show. Estes relógios estavam trabalhando em uma base de peso, e eles estavam equipados com determinados intervalos de tempo e os botões que atingiu gonga. Nos séculos precedentes, os esforços para assegurar-se de que os sistemas velhos do tempo deram os avisos da voz não conduziram a um resultado positivo. Foram produzidos mecanismos complexos que indicam o tempo decorrido jogando pequenas partículas de pedra ou soprando o apito.
O relógio de sol, relógio de água, e ampulheta foram destinados a mostrar o tempo de diferentes maneiras. Relógio mecânico para cumprir uma determinada função mecânica na vida do mosteiro, para produzir o som através de um martelo e, assim, para especificar intervalos de tempo específicos. Naquele tempo, os relógios eram acreditados para tocar sinos. Em inglês, a palavra ' Clock ' vem do latim clocca e significa o sino. No entanto, a palavra então começou a definir todos os relógios. O mecanismo para pulsos de disparo mecânicos é um esquema vem e vai que prende e sae da corda ou da corrente que o peso pendura em intervalos curtos e é a característica comum de todos os pulsos de disparo modernos. Assim, um peso de pé curto e descendente salvou o mecanismo de relógio de ser amarrado ao comprimento ou curto do dia. O tipo mais antigo deste mecanismo é conhecido como ' Wedge '. Uma haste de metal equipada com pregos e um movimento horizontal-à-cabeça com um eixo um-para-um-lado em cada guidão, e a aceleração do eixo é controlada por um peso Unido à extremidade exterior. Decorados. Quando o peso é puxado para longe, a oscilação acelera, e diminui quando se aproxima. Assim, foi inicialmente possível determinar os minutos e depois segundos.
O projeto de Giovanni di Dondi, um dos mais famosos em horas mecânicas, consistia de um pêndulo e engrenagem de pêndulo rosqueado para o mecanismo de manuseio de peso, e sem discagens por hora. O sistema de relógio, que não coincide com as horas noturnas do dia, é 14. No século, os pulsos de disparo mecânicos continuaram a ser realizados. A primeira vez que divide o dia em horas iguais é o tempo da Igreja de Saint Gottard em Milão. No meio do século, as torres das cidades européias principais começaram a ver pulsos de disparo mecânicos e são espalhadas cada vez mais. Estas horas, trabalhando com o esquema de ir e vir, continuou por 300 anos. Com a introdução da mola de relógio de Peter Heinlein em Nuremberga no 1500 ' s, grandes pesos foram feitos possíveis para portáteis pequenos relógios. Durante as primeiras horas, não havia discagens, nem escorpiões, nem coletes. A baixa taxa de alfabetização necessária para colocar sinos nos relógios em vez de pessoas olhando para ver o que eles veriam. Dondi, que usa o tempo de discagem em primeiro lugar eo relógio de 24 fatias em 1344, para mostrar o tempo visualmente. Outro passo importante no desenvolvimento do relógio é a presença do pêndulo. Ao ouvir o padre na igreja, percebendo que a lâmpada oscilante no pódio foi fixada, Galileu descobriu que o pêndulo é dependente do comprimento, não o peso ou largura do período de oscilação. Galileu, que estava perto de sua morte, projetou um relógio que trabalhou com o pêndulo. O primeiro tempo de trabalho do pêndulo foi em 1656, 14 anos após a morte de Galileu, o astrônomo alemão, Christian Huygens.
O relógio da Huygens foi menos de um minuto antes do dia. Esta sensibilidade foi aumentada pela primeira vez pelo trabalho da Huygens, reduzindo o erro a 10 segundos por dia. Pela primeira vez com a presença do pêndulo, os relógios e os segundos foram adicionados. No mid-1670, o desenvolvimento de balanceamento Huygens permitiu que os relógios portáteis para se tornar um relógio de bolso real. A presença do mecanismo da mola assegurou que o tempo pode ser medido com a mesma exatidão em terra e no mar. Com o desenvolvimento da publicação do balanço, as horas do encolhimento estão sendo realizadas no bolso ou no braço, os primeiros relógios baratos do bolso produzidos nos e.u., e o pulso de relógio emergiu na década de 1890. Inicialmente, apenas os relógios que as mulheres usam são predominantes entre os homens durante a primeira guerra mundial. A sensibilidade das unidades de tempo começou a ser questionado com estes novos relógios que podem medir o tempo na terra e no mar como o mesmo. Qual foi o comprimento de um segundo? Com um cálculo simples, 1/60 do segundo minuto, 1/60 do relógio minucioso, e a hora é uma em 24, o dia solar médio é um segundo em 86 400. Em 1820, os intervalos de tempo foram padronizados de acordo com esta conta.
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svenska
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việt
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