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Hovercraft: Køretøj uden grænser
En af de mest interessante designs i transport teknologi, hovercraft er en kandidat til fremtiden. Svævende over jorden, denne ekstraordinære maskine, flyver på land og på havet, på grund af evnen til at nå ud til de fjerneste hjørner af verden med ingen geografiske grænser.
Funktionsprincip af hovercraft er, at køretøjet bevæger sig på en airbag. Højere trykluft end Normal lufttryk er sprøjtet mod basen af motorerne og køretøjet er skåret tiljorden. Så køretøjet bevæger sig lidt over jorden. Ud over den lodrette bevægelse er køretøjets bevægelse fremad forudsat af propel motors placeret vinkelret på gulvet. Manøvredygtighed returneres også omkring sin egen akse og er forsynet med vinger på bagsiden af køretøjet. Den nederste del er belagt med et fleksibelt materialekaldet en nederdel. På denne måde, airbaggen er holdt på et tidspunkt og luften undslippe er forhindret.
Tanken om hovercraft blev først formet af den svenske videnskabsmand Emanuel Swendenborg i 1700-tallet. Swendenborg hævdede, at køretøjet kan forblive på vandet, hvis luften havde været tilstrækkeligt trykket under en omvendt båd. Men det teknologiske niveau af perioden var meget bagud med hensyn til gennemførelsen af dette projekt. Mere seriøse undersøgelser blev udført af britiske ingeniør Sir John Isaac Thornycraft i 1870erne. Det er kendt, at den britiske ingeniør har gjort nogle eksperimenter og patenteret ideen. Selv om mange forskellige forskere lavet forskelligedesigns, lykkedes ingen af dem nok til at bevise teorien. Men den britiske opfinderChristoper unghane afdækket de første vellykkede prototyper i 1950 ' erne, løse alledesign problemer. På grund af denne præstation var unghane, der blev tildelt titlen"Sir", også den første vellykkede hovercraftin at være navngivet SR-N1 i året 1959.
I dag, ser vi, at den gigantiske SR-N4 passager hovercraft fra ensædede køretøjer erfremstillet til en bred vifte af hovercraft. Siden 1970 ' erne, har SR-N4 været en af demest foretrukne køretøjer i Frankrig-UK rejser, med en ekstremt hurtig passage af havet. Denne enorme køretøj kan nemt nå hastigheder på op til 90-100 kilometer i timen samtidig med 450 passagerer og 65 køretøjer komfortabelt.
Disse køretøjer, som også anvendes i militære områder, er meget nem at bruge til udvinding formål, så mange lande tager aktivt stilling i flådestyrker. Disse køretøjer, som ikke var påvirket af havet og landminer, var aktivt involveret i Golfkrigen, som de ikke rørte gulvet.
Den største fordel ved Hovercraftin er at det er hurtigt, men det behøver ikke nogen vej eller havnen. Brændstofforbrug er meget lavt, fordi det ikke er udsat for friktionskraft.
I begyndelsen af 1960 ' erne troede at hurtig hovercraft kunne udnyttes i hav, ørkener eller isdækkede områder. Men i en kort tid, problemerne blev realiseret; Hyppigedele og manøvredygtighed af saltvand effekten forårsaget dette køretøj ikke er præcis, hvad der var forventet. Men takket være udvikling i teknologi, dette design vil blive yderligere forbedret.
Det er nu muligt at sige, at overcraft har et unikt sted i transport, hvis de er renset fra deres svagheder og udviklet i områder, hvor det er godt.
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