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Hogyan válik a tej joghurtává?
A joghurt népszerűsége a világban növekszik. A görög joghurtnak nevezett feszült joghurt-típus ma már több milliárd dolláros iparággá vált. Sok cikk van arról, hogy az egészséges joghurtot a hasznos baktériumok okozzák.
A joghurt készítése otthon nagyon egyszerű. A házi joghurtot az interneten és mikroszkóp alatt osztják meg, és nem vizsgálják meg a kémiai folyamat joghurtos termelésében való folyamatát.
Az a tény, hogy a joghurt termelést szabályozzák, a tej vágása. Tehát a tejet arra kényszeríted, hogy bizonyos módon eltörjön. A kereskedelmi joghurt készítés során rázza meg a tejet egy mosógépben hasonló eszközzel, hogy tartsa a helyes konzisztenciát. Ez a folyamat megváltoztatja a tej mikroszkópos szerkezetét, a nagy zsírtartalmú tejeket kis darabokra osztva. Mindegyik réteg egy tejfehérje réteget fed le. Így, amikor a tej elkezd vágni, ezek a fehérjék egymáshoz tapadnak, hogy a zsír egyenletesen eloszlik a joghurtban, és hogy jó legyen a konzisztencia.
Fűtési fok és időtartam
Ezután megnő a hőbeállítás, és a káros baktériumok elpusztulnak a tejben. A fűtés megkezdi a molekuláris hálózati struktúra beállítását a fehérjék feloldásával.
A tejfűtés mértéke és időtartama határozza meg a joghurt ízét. A kereskedelmi joghurt termelésben a tejet általában 85 ° C-on 30 percig, vagy 90-95 ° C-on 5 percig melegítik. Egy háztartási joghurtot gyártó készüléket gyártó cég szerint a kevesebb, mint 76 fokra melegített tejből készült joghurt hanyag és enyhén savanyú ízű, míg a 10 percig 90 fokon tartott tej nehezebb és kevésbé savanyú.
Amikor a fűtött tej a test hőmérsékletén tart (37 fok), a joghurttermelés fő része a fermentációs folyamatba kerül. Ezen a hőmérsékleten a joghurt, a lactobacillus bulgaricus és a Streptococcus thermophilus két leggyakoribb baktériuma növekszik. Szaporítják a tej cukrot, vagyis a laktózt és tejsavvá alakítják. Ahogy a tej a tejben nő, a pH-szint csökken.
Mi történik, ha a sav emelkedik?
A tejfehérjék felismerik ezt a változást. Napjainkig a fehérjéket a zsírágyak körüli klaszterekhez vagy a kalcium-foszfát-só által stabilizált klaszterekhez ragasztják. A pH-mérleg csökkenésével azonban ez a só feloldódik és a fehérje-csomók feloldódnak. A felszabadult fehérjék egy hálózatot alkotnak egymással. A hálózathoz víz- és olajhengerek tartoznak. A tej most joghurt lett.
Amikor a fermentációs folyamatot dagasztással megszakítjuk, a termék gél formában van. Feszített joghurtot kapunk egy extra szakasz eljuttatásával. Itt a joghurt keveredik, víz, cukor és fehérjék lebomlanak. Így krémesebb konzisztenciát kapunk. A végső konzisztenciát azonban számos dolog, a tej melegítésétől a benne lévő fehérje mennyiségéig és annak befolyásolása nélkül befolyásolja.
A joghurtgyártók és az élelmiszer-tudósok eddig sokféle konzisztencia-formát tanulmányoztak és próbáltak meg. Ezek a mérések különböző eszközöket használnak.
A termelési folyamat során a mikroszkópok fehérjeszintjét láthatjuk, amelyek a joghurt szerkezetét, a szövedékekhez rögzített baktériumokat, a zsírszemcséket és az érzékeny kémiai szerkezet többi elemét tartalmazzák, ami joghurtot képez. fluoreszcencia segítségével.
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हिंदी
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español
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Melayu
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svenska
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ไทย
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Magyar
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việt
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Suomalainen
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