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W jaki sposób mleko staje się jogurtem?
De populariteit van yoghurt in de wereld neemt toe. Het type met gespannen yoghurt, Griekse yoghurt genaamd, is tegenwoordig een industrie geworden met miljarden dollars. Er zijn veel artikelen over hoe gezond yoghurt is vanwege de heilzame bacteriën die het bevat.
Thuis yoghurt maken is heel eenvoudig. Het aantal mensen dat hun zelfgemaakte yoghurt op het internet en onder een microscoop deelt en het proces van het maken van een chemisch proces bij de productie van yoghurt onderzoekt, is helemaal niet laag.
Het feit dat yoghurtproductie wordt gecontroleerd, is een proces waarbij melk wordt gemaaid. Dus je dwingt de melk op een bepaalde manier te breken. In commerciële yoghurt maken, schud de melk in een wasmachine vergelijkbaar hulpmiddel om de juiste consistentie te behouden. Dit proces verandert de microscopische structuur van de melk door de grote vetrollen in melk in kleine stukjes te verdelen. Elke laag bedekt een laag melkeiwitten. Dus wanneer de melk begint te snijden, hechten deze eiwitten aan elkaar om ervoor te zorgen dat het vet gelijkmatig wordt verdeeld in de yoghurt en in goede consistentie is.
Verwarmingsgraad en tijdsduur
Vervolgens wordt de warmte-instelling verhoogd en worden schadelijke bacteriën gedood in de melk. Verwarmen begint ook het proces van het opzetten van de moleculaire netwerkstructuur door de eiwitten op te lossen.
De mate en duur van melkverwarming bepaalt de smaak van yoghurt. Bij commerciële yoghurtproductie wordt melk gewoonlijk gedurende 30 minuten op 85 graden verwarmd of gedurende 5 minuten op 90-95 graden. Volgens een bedrijf dat een elektrisch apparaat ontwikkelt voor zelfgemaakte yoghurt, heeft de yoghurt gemaakt met melk die is verwarmd tot minder dan 76 graden een slordige en enigszins zure smaak, terwijl de melk die gedurende 10 minuten op 90 graden wordt gehouden harder en minder zuur is.
Wanneer de verwarmde melk op de lichaamstemperatuur wordt gehouden (37 graden), wordt het grootste deel van de yoghurtproductie doorgegeven aan het fermentatieproces. Bij deze temperatuur beginnen twee van de meest voorkomende bacteriën in yoghurt, lactobacillus bulgaricus en Streptococcus thermophilus te groeien. Ze vermenigvuldigen de suiker in melk, dat wil zeggen, nemen lactose en zetten het om in melkzuur. Naarmate het zuur in de melk toeneemt, neemt de pH-waarde af.
Wat gebeurt er als het zuur stijgt?
Melkeiwitten herkennen deze verandering. Tot op heden worden de eiwitten gehecht aan clusters rond de vetbedden of in clusters gestabiliseerd door het calciumfosfaatzout. Met de afname van de pH-balans lost dit zout echter op en beginnen eiwitklompen op te lossen. De vrijgekomen eiwitten vormen een netwerk door zich aan elkaar te hechten. Water- en olie-walsen zijn aan dit netwerk gekoppeld. De melk is nu omgezet in yoghurt.
Wanneer het fermentatieproces wordt onderbroken door kneden, is het product in gelvorm. Gespannen yoghurt wordt verkregen door een extra fase te passeren. Hier is yoghurt gemengd, water, suiker en eiwitten zijn afgebroken. Aldus wordt een meer romige consistentie verkregen. Echter, veel dingen, van het verhitten van de melk tot de hoeveelheid eiwit die het bevat en zonder het te beïnvloeden, werken op de uiteindelijke consistentie.
Yoghurtproducenten en voedselwetenschappers hebben tot nu toe vele vormen van consistentie bestudeerd en geprobeerd. Verschillende instrumenten worden gebruikt om deze metingen uit te voeren.
In het productieproces is het mogelijk om de clusters van eiwitten in de gebruikte microscopen te zien om de structuur van yoghurt, de aan de vliezen bevestigde bacteriën, de vetkorrels en de andere elementen in de gevoelige chemische structuur die yoghurt maakt nauwkeurig te onderzoeken. met behulp van fluorescentie.
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việt
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