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Làm thế nào để sữa trở thành sữa chua?

Sự phổ biến của sữa chua trên thế giới ngày càng tăng. Loại sữa chua căng, được gọi là sữa chua Hy Lạp, đã trở thành một ngành công nghiệp với hàng tỷ đô la ngày nay. Có nhiều bài viết về việc sữa chua tốt cho sức khỏe như thế nào vì những vi khuẩn có lợi.

Làm sữa chua tại nhà rất dễ dàng. Số lượng những người chia sẻ sữa chua tự làm của họ trên internet và dưới kính hiển vi và kiểm tra quá trình tạo ra một quá trình hóa học trong sản xuất sữa chua không phải là thấp.

Thực tế là sản xuất sữa chua được kiểm soát là một quá trình cắt sữa. Vì vậy, bạn buộc sữa phải vỡ theo một cách nhất định. Trong sản xuất sữa chua thương mại, lắc sữa trong một công cụ tương tự máy giặt để giữ độ đặc chính xác. Quá trình này thay đổi cấu trúc kính hiển vi của sữa bằng cách chia các cuộn mỡ lớn trong sữa thành các miếng nhỏ. Mỗi lớp bao gồm một lớp protein sữa. Do đó, khi sữa bắt đầu được cắt, các protein này kết dính với nhau để đảm bảo rằng chất béo được phân phối đều trong sữa chua và có độ đặc tốt.

Độ nóng và thời gian
Sau đó, cài đặt nhiệt được tăng lên và vi khuẩn có hại bị tiêu diệt trong sữa. Việc làm nóng cũng bắt đầu quá trình thiết lập cấu trúc mạng phân tử bằng cách hòa tan protein.

Mức độ và thời gian làm nóng sữa quyết định hương vị của sữa chua. Trong sản xuất sữa chua thương mại, sữa thường được làm nóng ở 85 độ trong 30 phút hoặc 90-95 độ trong 5 phút. Theo một công ty phát triển một thiết bị điện cho sữa chua tự làm, sữa chua làm từ sữa được làm nóng đến dưới 76 độ mang một vị chua và hơi chua, trong khi sữa được giữ trong 10 phút ở 90 độ thì khó hơn và ít chua hơn.

Khi sữa được làm nóng đến nhiệt độ của cơ thể (37 độ), phần chính của quá trình sản xuất sữa chua được chuyển qua quá trình lên men. Ở nhiệt độ này, hai trong số các vi khuẩn phổ biến nhất trong sữa chua, lactobacillus bulgaricus và Streptococcus thermophilus bắt đầu phát triển. Họ nhân đường trong sữa, tức là lấy đường sữa và chuyển hóa thành axit lactic. Khi axit trong sữa tăng, độ pH giảm.

Điều gì xảy ra khi axit tăng?
Protein sữa nhận ra sự thay đổi này. Cho đến nay, các protein được gắn vào các cụm xung quanh các lớp mỡ hoặc trong các cụm được ổn định bởi muối canxi photphat. Tuy nhiên, với sự giảm cân bằng pH, muối này hòa tan và các khối protein bắt đầu hòa tan. Các protein được giải phóng tạo thành một mạng lưới bằng cách bám vào nhau. Con lăn nước và dầu được gắn vào mạng này. Sữa bây giờ đã biến thành sữa chua.

Khi quá trình lên men bị gián đoạn bằng cách nhào, sản phẩm ở dạng gel. Sữa chua căng có được bằng cách vượt qua một giai đoạn thêm. Ở đây sữa chua được trộn, nước, đường và protein bị phân hủy. Do đó, một sự nhất quán kem hơn thu được. Tuy nhiên, nhiều thứ, từ việc hâm nóng sữa đến lượng protein có trong và không ảnh hưởng đến nó, hành động dựa trên tính nhất quán cuối cùng.

Các nhà sản xuất sữa chua và các nhà khoa học thực phẩm đã nghiên cứu và thử nhiều hình thức nhất quán cho đến nay. Các dụng cụ khác nhau được sử dụng để thực hiện các phép đo này.

Trong quá trình sản xuất, có thể thấy các cụm protein trong kính hiển vi được sử dụng để kiểm tra chặt chẽ cấu trúc của sữa chua, vi khuẩn được gắn vào mạng, các hạt chất béo và các yếu tố khác trong cấu trúc hóa học nhạy cảm tạo ra sữa chua với sự trợ giúp của huỳnh quang.

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