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Hur blir mjölk yoghurt?
Yoghurtens popularitet i världen ökar. Den ansträngda yoghurt typen, kallad grekisk yoghurt, har blivit en industri med miljarder dollar idag. Det finns många artiklar om hur hälsosam yoghurt är på grund av de fördelaktiga bakterierna den innehåller.
Att göra yoghurt hemma är väldigt lätt. Antalet de som delar sin hemmagjord yoghurt på internet och under ett mikroskop och undersöker processen att göra en kemisk process i yoghurtproduktionen är inte alls låg.
Det faktum att yoghurtproduktionen styrs är en process för att skära mjölk. Så du tvingar mjölken att bryta på ett visst sätt. I kommersiell yoghurttillverkning skaka mjölken i ett tvättmaskin liknande verktyg för att hålla rätt konsistens. Denna process förändrar mjölkens mikroskopiska struktur genom att dela de stora fettrullarna i mjölk i små bitar. Varje lager täcker ett lager av mjölkproteiner. När mjölken börjar skäras, håller dessa proteiner sig vid varandra för att säkerställa att fettet är jämnt fördelat i yoghurt och att ha god konsistens.
Uppvärmning och varaktighet
Därefter höjs värmeinställningen och skadliga bakterier dödas i mjölken. Uppvärmning startar också processen att konfigurera molekylära nätverksstrukturen genom att lösa proteinerna.
Graden och varaktigheten av mjölkvärme bestämmer smaken av yoghurt. I kommersiell yoghurtproduktion upphettas vanligtvis mjölk vid 85 grader i 30 minuter eller 90-95 grader i 5 minuter. Enligt ett företag som utvecklar en elektrisk apparat för hemmagjord yoghurt, ger yoghurt med mjölk uppvärmd till mindre än 76 grader en slarvig och svagt sur smak, medan mjölken som hålls i 10 minuter vid 90 grader är svårare och mindre sur.
När den uppvärmda mjölken hålls till kroppstemperaturen (37 grader) överförs huvuddelen av yoghurtproduktionen till fermenteringsprocessen. Vid denna temperatur börjar två av de vanligaste bakterierna i yoghurt, laktobacillus bulgaricus och Streptococcus thermophilus växa. De multiplicerar sockret i mjölk, dvs ta laktos och omvandla det till mjölksyra. När syran i mjölken ökar, minskar pH-nivån.
Vad händer när syran stiger?
Mjölkproteiner känner igen denna förändring. Hittills adhereras proteinerna till kluster kring de feta bäddarna eller i kluster som stabiliserats av kalciumfosfat-saltet. Men med minskningen av pH-balans upplöses detta salt och proteinkolvar börjar lösa upp. De frisatta proteinerna bildar ett nätverk genom att klämma ihop varandra. Vatten och oljevalsar är anslutna till detta nätverk. Mjölken har nu blivit yoghurt.
När fermenteringsprocessen avbryts genom knådning föreligger produkten i gelform. Sträng yoghurt erhålls genom att passera ett extra steg. Här blandas yoghurt, vatten, socker och proteiner sönderdelas. Således erhålles en mer krämig konsistens. Många saker, från uppvärmning av mjölken till den mängd protein som den innehåller och utan att påverka det, handlar dock om den slutliga konsistensen.
Yoghurtproducenter och livsmedelsforskare har hittills studerat och försökt många former av konsistens. Olika instrument används för att göra dessa mätningar.
I produktionsprocessen är det möjligt att se proteinklyftorna i de mikroskop som används för att noggrant undersöka yoghurtstrukturen, bakterierna som är fästa på banorna, de feta kornen och de andra elementen i den känsliga kemiska strukturen som gör yoghurt med hjälp av fluorescens.
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