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Vynález mikroskopu
Mikroskop je optický nástroj, který umožňuje obraz být zkoumána několik čoček s pomocí malých předmětů, které nejsou viditelné pouhým okem. Za prvé, jak již název napovídá, vyšetření mikrobů je vlastně hlavní služba v oblasti průmyslu, metalurgie, genetiky, geologie, archeologie a kriminologie.
Kdo vynalezl mikroskop?
Mikroskopie je uznáno, že holandský Zachariáš Janssen poprvé vytvořil dalekohled v roce 1590. Ale v této době, ostatní holandské, německé, anglické a italské učenci také si uvědomil, že reverzní dalekohled by mohl být použit pro zvětšení objektů. Slavný italský učenec Galilei Galileo (1564-1642) dva objektivy, vydané papežem, za předpokladu, že svět se obrátil kolem slunce, který je podroben inkvizice a opustil svět ve sluneční etrâf. Měl několik zkušeností s jeho použitím. Hlavní principy dnešního mikroskopu byly nalezeny v sedmnáctém století holandské auton van Leeuwenhoek a britský Robert Hook.
Speciální mikroskopy
Stereoskopické mikroskopy:
Stereoskopické mikroskopy byly vyrobeny, aby trojrozměrný obrazy těl. Dva mikroskopy jsou vyrobeny z montáž na horní části stativu ve formě optického systému. Tyto mikroskopy jsou vhodné pro biologické laboratoře.
Hutní mikroskop:
K mikroskopu byl přidán silný světelný zdroj, protože minerální části neprošly světlem. Světlo ze zdroje je zkoumáno odrazem světla, které se odráží v objektivu.
Elektronový mikroskop:
Obraz může být zvětšen několik milionů krát pomocí elektronů získat snímky v elektronové mikroskopii. Tolik zvětšení je, že výška vln elektron je několik tisíc krát menší než vlnová délka světla. Elektronový mikroskop se používá také ve vědeckém výzkumu k prozkoumání velmi malých předmětů, jako jsou atomy a viry.
Mikroskop pro emise pole:
Pole emisní mikroskopy se používají pro zkoumání krystalových konstrukcí z povrchových obrazů kovu nebo polovodičů. Velmi nová technika, která odděluje tyto mikroskopy z elektronového a optického mikroskopu, je elektronová nebo iontová Breakout (emisní) událost z objektu místo potkávací světlo nebo foton z těla. Emise jsou poskytovány v elektrickém poli. Elektrody z kovu, které mají být zkoumány padají na obrazovce podobné televizní trubice, takže stopy podle krystalické struktury. Tento obraz krystalové struktury lze také vyfotografovat. Elektronový mikroskop má funkci zvětšení. Obraz je velmi ostrý a detailní.
Polarizace mikroskopu:
Je to optický mikroskop vybavený dvěma hranoly nebo dvěma polárními primery s otočným stolem. Polarizace Nicol umístěna pod deskou vysílá polarizované světlo na objekt; Analytik Nicol je umístěn mírně nad čočkou. Při splnění těchto dvou hranolů se pole mikroskopu jeví jako tmavé, s výjimkou látek s určitou rychlostí nebo v oblastech, kde se vyskytují dvojité křehké látky.
Naproti mikroskopu fáze:
Tento mikroskop umožňuje vznik malých variací refrakčních indexů zkoumaných objektů. Optické nastavení, které Zernike najde, je užitečné pro nalezení velmi malých fázových variací vibrací z objektu, který má být zkoumán; Pro tento, kroužek-formoval membrána do úvahy a zadní části objektivu je umístěn ve snímku, který dělá fázový rozdíl. Fázové změny v těle se jeví jako lehké variace na obrázku, ale i optické tloušťky rozdíly až do 30-40 angström lze snadno nalézt. Tento mikroskop je používán biology zkoumat živé organismy.
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