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Opfindelsen af mikroskopet
Mikroskop er et optisk instrument, der giver mulighed for billedet for at blive undersøgt af et par linser ved hjælp af små genstande, der ikke er synlige for det blotte øje. For det første, som navnet antyder, undersøgelse af mikrober er faktisk en stor tjeneste inden for industri, metalindustrien, genetik, geologi, arkæologi ogkriminologi.
Hvem opfandt mikroskopet?
Mikroskopi er anerkendt, at den nederlandske Zacharias Janssen først lavet et teleskop i år 1590. Men på dette tidspunkt, andre hollandske, tyske, engelske og italienske lærde indså også, at en omvendt teleskop kunne anvendes til at udvide objekter.Den berømte italienske lærde Galilei Galileo (1564-1642) to linser, udgivet af paven,forudsat at verden er blevet vendt rundt om solen, som er udsat for inkvisitionen oghar forladt verden i solar etrâf. Han havde et par erfaring med at bruge det. De vigtigste principper i dagens mikroskop blev fundet i 1600-tallets hollandske Auton vanLeeuwenhoek og britiske Robert Hook.
Særlige mikroskoper
Stereoskopiske mikroskoper:
Stereoskopiske mikroskoper blev foretaget til at give tre-dimensionelle billeder af organer. De to mikroskoper er lavet fra montering oven på et stativ i form af et optisksystem. Disse mikroskoper er egnet til biologi laboratorier.
Metallurgiske mikroskop:
En kraftig lyskilde er blevet føjet til mikroskop, fordi de mineralske dele ikke kan passere lys. Lyset fra kilden er undersøgt ved tilbagekastning af lyset reflekteres i linsen.
Elektron mikroskop:
Billedet kan forstørres flere millioner gange ved hjælp af elektroner til at hente billeder i Elektron Mikroskopi. Så meget forstørrelse er bølgehøjde af elektronen et par tusinde gange mindre end bølgelængden af lyset. Elektron mikroskop bruges også ividenskabelig forskning til at undersøge meget små genstande som atomer og vira.
Felt-emission mikroskop:
Field emission mikroskoper bruges til at undersøge crystal strukturerne fra overfladen billeder af Metal eller halvledere. En meget ny teknik, som adskiller disse mikroskoper fra elektron og optiske mikroskoper, er en elektron eller ion breakout (emission) event fra objektet i stedet for passerer lys eller foton fra kroppen. Emissioner er fastsat af det elektriske felt. Elektroder af metal undersøges falder på skærmen svarertil TV-røret, forlader spor efter den krystallinske struktur. Dette billede af krystalstruktur kan også blive fotograferet. Elektron mikroskop har en forstørrelse funktion. Billedet er meget skarpe og detaljerede.
Polarisering mikroskop:
Det er et optisk mikroskop udstyret med to Nicol prismer eller to polar primere meden roterende tabel. Polariseringen Nicol placeret under pladen sender polariseretlys på objektet. Analytiker Nicol er placeret lidt over linsen. Når disse to prismer mødes, vises feltet mikroskop mørke, bortset fra stoffer med en bestemt hastighed kraft eller de områder, hvor de dobbelt-skrøbelige stoffer er fundet.
Overfor fase mikroskop:
Dette mikroskop kan fremkomsten af små variationer i de refraktive indeks af objekter undersøges. En optisk setup, at Zernike finder er nyttig til at finde meget små fase variationer af vibrationer fra objektet undersøges; For dette, er en ring-formet membran ind i overvejelserne og på bagsiden af linsen placeret i et dias, der gør en fase forskel. Ændringerne i fasen i kroppen vises som lys variationer i billedet, men selvde optiske tykkelse forskelle af op til 30-40 Angström let kan findes. Dette mikroskop bruges af biologer for at undersøge levende organismer.
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