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La invención del microscopio
El microscopio es un instrumento óptico que permite que la imagen sea examinada por unas pocas lentes con la ayuda de pequeños objetos que no son visibles a simple vista. En primer lugar, como el nombre sugiere, el examen de microbios es en realidad un servicio importante en el campo de la industria, la metalurgia, la genética, la geología, la arqueología y la Criminología.
¿Quién inventó el microscopio?
La microscopía se reconoce que el holandés Zacharias Janssen creó por primera vez un telescopio en el año 1590. Pero en este momento, otros eruditos holandeses, alemanes, ingleses e italianos también se dieron cuenta de que un telescopio invertido podía ser utilizado para agrandar los objetos. El famoso erudito italiano Galilei Galileo (1564-1642) dos lentes, lanzados por el Papa, siempre que el mundo se haya dado la vuelta alrededor del sol, que se somete a la Inquisición y ha abandonado el mundo en el etrâf solar. Tenía un poco de experiencia usándolo. Los principios principales del microscopio de hoy fueron encontrados en el 17mo siglo holandés AUTON van Leeuwenhoek y británico gancho de Roberto.
Microscopios especiales
Microscopios estereoscópicos:
Los Microscopios estereoscópicos fueron hechos para proporcionar imágenes tridimensionales de los cuerpos. Los dos microscopios se hacen desde el montaje en la parte superior de un trípode en forma de un sistema óptico. Estos microscopios son apropiados para laboratorios de biología.
Microscopio metalúrgico:
Se ha añadido una fuente de luz fuerte al microscopio porque las partes minerales no pasan la luz. La luz de la fuente es examinada por el reflejo de la luz reflejada en la lente.
Microscopio electrónico:
La imagen se puede agrandar varios millones de veces usando electrones para obtener imágenes en microscopía electrónica. Tanto aumento es que la altura de onda del electrón es unos pocos miles de veces más pequeño que la longitud de onda de la luz. El microscopio electrónico también se utiliza en la investigación científica para examinar objetos muy pequeños como los átomos y los virus.
Microscopio de emisión de campo:
Los microscopios de emisión de campo se utilizan para examinar las estructuras cristalinas de las imágenes superficiales del metal o de los semiconductores. Una técnica muy nueva, que separa estos microscopios del electrón y de los microscopios ópticos, es un electrón o el ion Breakout (emisión) acontecimiento del objeto en vez de pasar la luz o el fotón del cuerpo. Las emisiones son proporcionadas por el campo eléctrico. Los electrodos del metal que se examinarán caen sobre una pantalla similar al tubo del televisor, dejando trazas según la estructura cristalina. Esta imagen de la estructura cristalina también puede ser fotografiada. El microscopio electrónico tiene una función de ampliación. La imagen es muy nítida y detallada.
Microscopio de polarización:
Es un microscopio óptico equipado con dos prismas Nicol o dos cebadores polares con mesa giratoria. La polarización que Nicol colocó debajo de la placa envía luz polarizada sobre el objeto; El analista Nicol se coloca ligeramente por encima de la lente. Cuando estos dos prismas se encuentran, el campo del microscopio aparece oscuro, a excepción de las sustancias con una cierta fuerza de la velocidad o las áreas donde se encuentran las sustancias Double-Fragile.
Microscopio de fase opuesta:
Este microscopio permite la aparición de pequeñas variaciones en los índices refractivos de los objetos examinados. Una disposición óptica que Zernicke encuentra es útil para encontrar variaciones muy pequeñas de la fase de vibraciones del objeto que se examinará; Para esto, un diafragma en forma de anillo en la consideración y la parte posterior de la lente se coloca en una diapositiva que hace una diferencia de fase. Los cambios de la fase en el cuerpo aparecen como variaciones ligeras en la imagen, pero incluso las diferencias ópticas del grueso de hasta 30-40 Angström se pueden encontrar fácilmente. Este microscopio es utilizado por los biólogos para examinar organismos vivos.
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