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Oppfinnelsen av mikroskopet
Mikroskopet er et optisk instrument som gjør at bildet kan bli undersøkt av noen linser med hjelp av små objekter som ikke er synlig for det blotte øye. Først, som navnet antyder, undersøkelse av mikrober er faktisk en stor service innen industri, metallurgi, genetikk, geologi, arkeologi og kriminologi.
Hvem oppfant mikroskopet?
Mikroskopi er anerkjent som den nederlandske Zacharias Janssen først opprettet etteleskop i år 1590. Men på dette tidspunktet, andre nederlandsk, tysk, engelsk og italiensk forskere også innsett at en tilbakeført teleskop kan brukes til å forstørre objektene. Den berømte italienske forskeren Galilei Galileo (1564-1642) to linser, utgitt av paven, forutsatt at verden er slått rundt solen, som er utsatt for inkvisisjonen og har forlatt verden i solenergi etrâf. Han hadde noen erfaring med den. De viktigste prinsippene for dagens mikroskop fant i 1600-tallet nederlandske Auton van Leeuwenhoek og britiske Robert krok.
Spesielle mikroskoper
Stereoskopisk mikroskop:
Stereoskopisk mikroskop ble laget å gi tredimensjonale bilder av likene. De to mikroskop er laget av montering på et stativ i form av en optisk system. Disse mikroskoper egnet for biologi laboratorier.
Metallurgisk mikroskopet:
En sterk lyskilde er lagt til mikroskopet fordi mineral deler ikke passerer lys. Lyset frakilden er undersøkt av refleksjon av lys i linsen.
Elektronmikroskop:
Bildet kan forstørres flere millioner ganger bruker elektroner hente bilder i elektronmikroskop. Så mye forstørrelse er at bølgehøyde av elektronet noen tusen gangermindre enn lysets bølgelengde. Elektronmikroskop brukes også i vitenskapelig forskning undersøke veldig små gjenstander som atomer og virus.
Feltet-utslipp mikroskopet:
Feltet utslipp mikroskop brukes til crystal strukturene fra overflaten bilder av metalleller halvledere. En helt ny teknikk, som skiller disse mikroskop fra electron og optiske mikroskoper, er en electron- eller ion brekke (utslipp) hendelse fra objektet i stedet for bestått lys eller Foton fra kroppen. Utslipp tilbys av det elektriske feltet. Elektrodene fra metall undersøkes faller på en skjerm som ligner TV røret, forlate spor etter krystallstrukturen. Dette bildet av crystal kan også bli fotografert. Elektronmikroskop har en forstørrelse funksjon. Bildet er svært skarpe og detaljerte.
Polarisasjon mikroskopet:
Det er en optisk mikroskop utstyrt med to Nicol prismer eller to polar primere meden roterende tabell. Polarisering Nicol plassert under platen sender polariserte lysetpå objektet. Analytiker Nicol er plassert litt over linsen. Når disse to prismer møtes,vises mikroskop feltet mørk, med unntak av stoffene med en bestemt hastighet kraft eller områdene der dobbel-skjøre stoffene er funnet.
Overfor fase mikroskopet:
Denne mikroskop kan fremveksten av små variasjoner i refractive indeksene av objektene undersøkt. En optisk installasjon som Zernike finner er nyttig for å finne sværtliten fase varianter av vibrasjoner fra objektet undersøkes; For dette, er en ringformede membran i vurdering og baksiden av linsen plassert i et lysbilde som gjør en faseforskjell. Faseendringer i kroppen vises som lyse variasjoner i bildet, men selv optisktykkelse forskjellene i opptil 30-40 Angström lett kan finnes. Denne mikroskop brukes av biologer undersøke levende organismer.
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English
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dansk
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Nederlands
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français
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Ελληνικά
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हिंदी
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Indonesia
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italiano
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norsk
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Polskie
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Português
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românesc
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русский
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slovenský
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español
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Український
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Melayu
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svenska
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ไทย
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Magyar
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việt
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Suomalainen
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