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Атомни електроцентрали: как действа тя? Какви са техните проблеми?
Ядрената енергетика отговаря на около 17% от днешните нужди на електричеството. Някои страни произвеждат голяма част от енергиите си от атомни електроцентрали. Така например, според френската международна агенция за атомна енергия данни, тя осигурява 75% от електрическата енергия от ядрената енергетика. В Америка, 15% от енергията му е приветствано тук, но в някои части на електроцентрали се произвеждат по-интензивно. Има повече от 400 атомни електроцентрали в световен мащаб, и повече от 100 от тях са разположени само в Америка.
Как работят атомните електроцентрали?
За изграждането на атомна електроцентрала, обогатен уран е необходимо. Тези видове уран са главно u-235, u-233, u-238 и плутоний; P-239 и p-241. Много голямо количество енергия се очертава като резултат от разделянето на урана в реакция на делене. За тази дивизия, неутрони удари ядрото на уран елемент с висока скорост. Този сблъсък причинява ядрото да стане нестабилна и впоследствие реагират на масивна енергия-излагане на делене. В резултат на първата реакция на делене, неутроните се отделят в околната среда. Тези неутрони се размножават в други ядра на уран и продължават, докато физиката на елементарна се извършва във всяко атомно ядро. Ако получената енергия не се контролира, тя е в смъртоносни пропорции. Има единици, които държат излишък неутрони в реакторите да го контролират и да се предотврати реагиране. По този начин се осигурява контролирана верижна реакция на делене.
Когато погледнем към вътрешната структура на атомната електроцентрала, енергията, генерирана от въвеждането на физическата реакция на урана позволява на водната пара да се нагрява до много високи температури. Тази висока температура на пара се доставя на турбини, свързани с електрически генератор. Високите енергийни пари в контакт с турбинни остриета завърта турбинния вал по известен начин и гарантира, че генераторът произвежда електрическа енергия. Електроенергията, генерирани в генератора се изпраща на мястото, където се използва с проводими проводници, наречени електропроводи. Налягането и температурата спадна от турбината ще отидат на кондензатор за повторна употреба, и след като става вода, тя се загрява и се изпарява с енергия, която излиза от разделянето и цикъла продължава.
Какви са проблемите на атомните електроцентрали?
Добре изградената атомна електроцентрала има значителни предимства в производството на електричество. Той е много по-чист в сравнение с електроцентрали, които използват въглен и оставя по-малко радиоактивни отпадъци в атмосферата. Тоновете на въглерод, сяра и други елементи от каменни въглища в атмосферата представлява много по-голямо количество на замърсителите въздействие от добре функциониращ атомната електроцентрала. В тази връзка ядрената енергия може да се счита за изключително чиста, когато е добре свършена в производството на енергия. Има и някои проблеми.
Основните пречки и проблеми, които трябва да бъдат подчертани в производството на ядрена енергия, включват:
В процеса на премахване на уран и по-късно обогатяване, рафиниране работа причинява огромни количества радиоактивно замърсяване.
Атомните електроцентрали, които не работят правилно, могат да причинят големи проблеми. Като пример, на Чернобилската катастрофа може да се даде и тона на радиоактивни отпадъци са останали в атмосферата в тази катастрофа.
Реакциите на електроцентралата изискват много добър контрол, а толерансът в повредата е минимален. Не атомната електроцентрала може да се каже, че е напълно безопасно и трябва да бъдат произведени от експертни екипи и чрез поддържане на коефициента на безопасност високо. Това увеличава риска от сериозни проблеми за страните, които искат да предприемат нови стъпки за изграждане на атомни електроцентрали като нас.
Получените радиоактивни отпадъци трябва да се транспортират по начин, който не уврежда природата и трябва да се съхраняват безопасно в продължение на много години под наблюдение.
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