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Loji kuasa nuklear: bagaimana ia berfungsi? Apakah masalah mereka?
Tenaga nuklear bertemu kira-kira 17% tenaga elektrik ini memerlukan. Sesetengahnegara menghasilkan sebahagian besar daripada tenaga mereka dari loji kuasa nuklear. Contohnya, berdasarkan data Agensi Tenaga Atom Antarabangsa Perancis, ia menyediakan 75% tenaga elektrik daripada tenaga nuklear. Di Amerika, 15% dari tenaga yang disambut di sini, tetapi di sesetengah bahagian janakuasa akan menghasilkan lebih intensif. Terdapat lebih daripada 400 loji nuklear di seluruh dunia, dan lebihdaripada 100 yang terletak hanya di Amerika.
Bagaimana loji janakuasa nuklear berfungsi?
Untuk membina sebuah loji kuasa nuklear, uranium yang diperkaya diperlukan. Jenis uranium akan terutamanya U-235, U-233, U-238 dan plutonium; P-239 dan P-241.Jumlah tenaga yang sangat tinggi muncul hasil daripada uranium yang membahagikan kepada tindak balas pembelahan. Untuk bahagian ini, neutron yang melanda Pusat unsur uranium pada kadar yang tinggi. Perlanggaran ini menyebabkan nukleus untuk menjadi tidak stabil dan kemudiannya bertindak balas pembelahan tenaga-mendedahkan secara besar-besaran. Hasil daripada tindak balas pembelahan pertama,neutron dilepaskan ke alam sekitar. Neutron ini membiak menjadi nukleus uranium lain dan diteruskan sehingga fizik dari unsur tersebut dilakukan dalam nukleus setiap atom. Jika tenaga yang terhasil tidak dikawal, ia adalah mengikut peratusan yang maut. Terdapat unit yang memegang lebihan neutron dalam reaktor untuk mengawalnya dan menghalangnya daripada bertindak balas. Dengan cara ini, satu rantaian tindak balas pembelahan terkawal disediakan.
Apabila kita melihat pada struktur dalaman di loji tenaga nuklear, tenaga yang dijana oleh pengenalan reaksi fizikal uranium membolehkan wap air hendak dipanaskanke suhu yang sangat tinggi. Wap suhu tinggi ini dibekalkan ke turbin yang disambungkan kepada penjana kuasa. Wap yang bertenaga tinggi dalam hubungan denganbilah turbin putar aci turbin dengan cara yang diketahui dan memastikan penjana yang menghasilkan tenaga elektrik. Elektrik yang dijana dalam penjana dihantar ke tempat yang di mana ia digunakan dengan wayar-wayar pengalir yang dipanggil talian penghantaran. Tekanan dan suhu yang menurun dari turbin yang akan pergi ke condenser untuk guna semula, dan selepas ia menjadi air, ia dipanaskan dan evaporated dengan tenaga yang datang dari bahagian dan kitaran yang berterusan.
Apakah masalah loji-loji janakuasa nuklear?
Sebuah loji kuasa nuklear baik bina mempunyai kelebihan dalam penghasilan tenaga elektrik. Ia banyak pembersih berbanding dengan loji-loji janakuasa yang menggunakan arang tersebut dan meninggalkan sisa kurang radioaktif ke atmosfera. Tan karbon, sulfur dan lain-lain elemen daripada arang batu kepada atmosfera membentuk banyak lebih besar sejumlah impak pencemar daripada sebuah loji kuasa nuklearberfungsi dengan baik. Dalam hal ini, tenaga nuklear boleh dianggap sangat bersihapabila ianya juga dilakukan dalam pengeluaran tenaga. Terdapat juga beberapa masalah.
Halangan-halangan utama dan masalah yang perlu digariskan dalam bidang penjanaan kuasa nuklear termasuk:
Dalam proses mengeluarkan uranium dan pengayaan kemudian, kerja-kerja refiningmenyebabkan kuantiti besar pencemaran radioaktif.
Loji kuasa nuklear yang tidak berfungsi dengan betul boleh menyebabkan masalahbesar. Sebagai contoh, bencana Chernobyl boleh diberikan dan tan sisa radioaktif telah ditinggalkan di atmosfera dalam bencana ini.
Tindak balas pembelahan atas loji kuasa memerlukan kawalan yang amat baik dan salah toleransi adalah sangat minima. Loji kuasa nuklear tidak boleh dikatakan benar-benar selamat dan perlu dikilangkan oleh pasukan pakar dan mengekalkan pekali keselamatan yang tinggi. Ini meningkatkan risiko masalah yang serius bagi negara-negara yang ingin mengambil langkah-langkah baru untuk membina loji-loji janakuasa nuklear seperti kita.
Sisa radioaktif yang terhasil mesti dibawa dengan cara yang tidak memudaratkan alam semula jadi dan patut disimpan dengan selamat selama bertahun-tahun di bawah pengawasan.
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