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Centralele nucleare: cum functioneaza? Care sunt problemele lor?
Energia nucleară îndeplineşte aproximativ 17 % din electricitate de azi are nevoie. Unele ţări produc o mare parte din energiile lor la centralele nucleare. De exemplu, potrivit datelor franceză internaţionale pentru energie atomică, acesta oferă 75 % dinenergia electrică din energie nucleară. În America, 15 % din energia sa este bine-venita aici, dar în unele părţi centralele produc mai intens. Există mai mult de 400 de centrale nucleare din întreaga lume, şi mai mult de 100 dintre ele se află doar în America.
Cum funcţionează centralele nucleare?
Pentru a construi o centrală nucleară, este nevoie de uraniu îmbogăţit. Aceste tipuride uraniu sunt în principal U-235, U-233, U-238 şi plutoniu; P-239 şi P-241. O foartemare cantitate de energie apare ca rezultat împărţirea uraniu într-o reacție de fisiune. Pentru această diviziune, neutroni lovit nucleul elementul uraniu la o rată ridicată.Această coliziune provoacă nucleul să devină instabil şi ulterior să reacţioneze la unmasiv fisiune expunerea de energie. Ca urmare a prima reacţie de fisiune, neutroniisunt emise în mediu. Aceste neutroni se multiplica în alte nuclee de uraniu şi continuă până când fizica de elementar este realizată în fiecare nucleu atomic. În cazul în care energiei rezultată nu este controlată, este în proporţii mortale. Există unităţi caredeţin exces neutroni în reactoare pentru a controla si a preveni să reacţioneze. În acest fel, este furnizată de un lanţ de reacţie de fisiune controlate.
Când ne uităm la structura interna a centralei nucleare, energia generata de introducerea de reacţie fizic de uraniu permite vaporilor de apă la încălzit la temperaturi foarte ridicate. Acest abur de înaltă temperatură este furnizat de turbine conectate laGeneratorul de putere. Vapori de energie înaltă în contact cu lamele turbinei se roteste arborele turbinei într-un mod cunoscut şi asigură că generator produce energieelectrică. Energia electrică generată în Generatorul este trimis la locul unde este folosita cu fire conductoare numit linii de transmisie. Presiunea şi temperatura a scăzutde la turbina va merge la condensator pentru reutilizare, şi după ce acesta devine apa, este încălzită şi evaporat cu energia care iese din Divizia si ciclul continua.
Care sunt problemele de centralele nucleare?
O centrală nucleară bine construit are avantaje semnificative în producţia de energie electrică. Acesta este mult mai curat comparativ cu centralele care utilizează cărbune şi lasă deşeuri radioactive mai puţin în atmosferă. Tone de carbon, sulf şi alte elemente din piatră a Cărbunelui în atmosferă reprezintă o cantitate mult mai mare a impactului poluantului decât o centrală nucleară funcţionează bine. În acest sens, energiei nucleare poate fi considerat extrem de curat atunci când este bine făcut în producerea de energie. Există, de asemenea, unele probleme.
Obstacole majore şi probleme care trebuie să fie subliniat în generarea de energie nucleară includ:
În procesul de eliminarea uraniu şi mai târziu de îmbogăţire, lucrarea rafinare provoacă cantităţi enorme de contaminare radioactivă.
Centralele nucleare care nu funcţionează corect poate provoca probleme majore. Caun exemplu, Cernobal ar putea fi dat şi de tone de deşeuri radioactive au fost lăsateîn atmosfera în această catastrofă.
Reacţii de fisiune pe centrala necesita un control foarte bun şi toleranţa la erori esteminim. Nici o centrală nucleară poate fi spus să fie complet sigure şi trebuie să fie fabricate de către echipe de experţi şi prin păstrarea coeficient de siguranţă ridicat. Acest lucru creşte riscul de probleme serioase pentru ţările care doresc să ia noi măsuri pentru a construi centrale nucleare ca noi.
Deșeurile radioactive rezultate trebuie să fie transportate într-un mod care nu afectează natura şi ar trebui să fie stocate în condiţii de siguranţă de mai mulţi ani sub supraveghere.
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