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Usinas nucleares: como funciona? Quais são os seus problemas?
Energia nuclear reúne cerca de 17% das necessidades de eletricidade de hoje. Alguns países produzem uma grande proporção de suas energias das usinas nucleares. Por exemplo, de acordo com os dados da Agência Internacional de energia atômica francesa, ele fornece 75% da energia elétrica da energia nuclear. Na América, 15% de sua energia é bem-vinda aqui, mas em algumas partes as usinas estão produzindo mais intensivamente. Há mais de 400 usinas nucleares em todo o mundo, e mais de 100 deles estão localizados apenas na América.
Como funcionam as usinas nucleares?
Para construir uma usina nuclear, o urânio enriquecido é necessário. Estes tipos de urânio são principalmente u-235, u-233, u-238 e plutônio; P-239 e p-241. Uma quantidade muito elevada de energia emerge em conseqüência de dividir o urânio em uma reação de fissão. Para esta divisão, os nêutrons atingem o núcleo do elemento de urânio a uma taxa elevada. Esta colisão faz com que o núcleo se torne instável e, posteriormente, reagir a uma fissão maciça de exposição de energia. Como resultado da primeira reação de fissão, os nêutrons são emitidos para o meio ambiente. Esses nêutrons se multiplicam em outros núcleos de urânio e continuam até que a física do Elemental seja executada em cada núcleo atômico. Se a energia resultante não é controlada, está em proporções mortais. Há unidades que detêm nêutrons em excesso nos reatores para controlá-lo e impedi-lo de reagir. Desta forma, uma cadeia de reação controlada de fissão é fornecida.
Quando olhamos para a estrutura interna da usina nuclear, a energia gerada pela introdução da reação física do urânio permite que o vapor de água seja aquecido a temperaturas muito altas. Este vapor de alta temperatura é fornecido para as turbinas ligadas ao gerador de energia. Vapor de alta energia em contato com lâminas de turbina gira o eixo da turbina de uma forma conhecida e garante que o gerador produz energia elétrica. A eletricidade gerada no gerador é enviada para o local onde é usado com fios condutores chamados linhas de transmissão. A pressão ea temperatura caiu da turbina vai para o condensador para reutilização, e depois que se torna água, é aquecido e evaporado com a energia que sai da divisão eo ciclo continua.
Quais são os problemas das usinas nucleares?
Uma usina nuclear bem construída tem vantagens significativas na produção de energia elétrica. É muito mais limpo em comparação com as usinas que usam o carvão vegetal e deixa menos resíduos radioativos para a atmosfera. Toneladas de carbono, enxofre e outros elementos do carvão de pedra para a atmosfera constituem uma quantidade muito maior de impacto poluente do que uma usina de energia nuclear bem funcional. A este respeito, a energia nuclear pode ser considerada extremamente limpa quando é bem feito na produção de energia. Há também alguns problemas.
Os principais obstáculos e problemas que precisam ser sublinhados na geração de energia nuclear incluem:
No processo de remoção de urânio e enriquecimento posterior, o trabalho de refinação provoca enormes quantidades de contaminação radioativa.
Usinas nucleares que não funcionam corretamente podem causar grandes problemas. Como exemplo, a catástrofe de Chernobyl poderia ser dada e toneladas de resíduos radioactivos foram deixados na atmosfera nesta catástrofe.
As reações de fissão na usina requerem um controle muito bom e a tolerância a falhas é mínima. Nenhuma usina nuclear pode ser dito ser completamente seguro e deve ser fabricado por equipes especializadas e mantendo o coeficiente de segurança elevado. Isso aumenta o risco de problemas sérios para os países que querem tomar novas medidas para construir usinas nucleares como nós.
Os resíduos radioactivos resultantes devem ser transportados de forma a não prejudicar a natureza e devem ser armazenados em segurança durante muitos anos vigilância.
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