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Kernekraftværker: Hvordan fungerer det? Hvad er deres problemer?
Kernekraft opfylder omkring 17% af dagens el behov. Nogle lande producerer en stor del af deres energi fra atomkraftanlæg. For eksempel, ifølge den franske International Atomic Energy Agency giver det 75% af den elektriske energi fra atomkraft. I Amerika, 15% af sin energi er velkommen her, men i nogle dele af kraftværker producerer mere intensivt. Der er mere end 400 kernekraftværker på verdensplan, og mereend 100 af dem er placeret kun i Amerika.
Hvordan arbejder kernekraftværker?
For at bygge et atomkraftværk, er beriget uran nødvendig. Disse typer af uran er hovedsagelig U-235, U-233, U-238 og plutonium; P-239 og P-241. En meget høj mængde energi opstår som følge af opdelingen af uran i en fission reaktion. For denne opdeling ramt neutroner kernen af uran element i et højt tempo. Denne kollision forårsager kernen til at blive ustabilt og efterfølgende reagerer på en massiv energi-udsætter fission. Som følge af den første fission reaktion, er neutroner udledt i miljøet.Disse neutroner formere sig ind i andre uran kerner og fortsætte indtil fysik af elementært udføres i hver atomkerne. Hvis den resulterende energi ikke er kontrolleret, er det i dødbringende proportioner. Der er enheder, der holder overskydende neutroner i reaktorer til at styre det og forhindre det i at reagere. På denne måde tilbydesen kontrolleret fission reaktion kæde.
Når vi ser på den interne struktur af atomkraftværket, giver den energi, der genereres af indførelsen af den fysiske reaktion af uran vanddamp der skal opvarmes til meget høje temperaturer. Denne høj temperatur damp leveres til vindmøller tilsluttet el-generator. Højenergi damp kontakt med turbineblade roterer turbine skaft i en kendt måde og sikrer at generatoren producerer elektrisk energi. Elektricitet i generatoren er sendt til det sted, hvor det bruges med ledende ledninger kaldet transmissionslinjer. Tryk og temperatur faldet fra vindmøllen vil gå til kondensatoren til genbrug, og efter det bliver vand, det er opvarmet og fordampet med den energi, der kommer ud af divisionen og cyklus continues.
Hvad er problemerne med atomkraftværker?
En velbygget atomkraftværk har betydelige fordele i produktionen af elektricitet. Det er meget renere i forhold til de kraftværker, der anvender kul og efterlader mindreradioaktivt affald til atmosfæren. Tons af kulstof, svovl og andre elementer fra den sten kul til atmosfæren udgør en meget større mængde forurenende virkning end etvelfungerende atomkraftværk. I denne henseende kan atomenergi anses for ekstremt rene når det er godt klaret i energiproduktionen. Der er også nogle problemer.
De store hindringer og problemer, der skal understreges i kernekraftproduktion omfatter:
Ved at fjerne uran og senere berigelse, forårsager raffinering arbejde enorme mængder af radioaktivitet.
Atomkraftværker, der ikke virker ordentligt kan forårsage store problemer. Som et eksempel, Tjernobyl-katastrofen kunne gives og tonsvis af radioaktivt affald blev efterladt i atmosfæren i denne katastrofe.
Fission reaktioner på kraftværket kræver meget god kontrol og fejltolerancen er minimal. Ingen atomkraftværk kan siges at være helt sikker og skal være fremstillet afeksperthold og ved at holde den sikkerhed koefficient høj. Dette øger risikoen for alvorlige problemer for lande, der ønsker at tage nye skridt til at bygge atomkraftværker som os.
Den resulterende radioaktivt affald skal transporteres på en måde, der ikke skader naturen og bør opbevares sikkert i mange år under overvågning.
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