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Centrali nucleari: come funziona? Quali sono i loro problemi?
L'energia nucleare incontra circa il 17% dei fabbisogni di energia elettrica di oggi. Alcuni paesi producono una gran parte delle loro energie dalle centrali nucleari. Per esempio, secondo i dati dell'Agenzia internazionale dell'energia atomica francese, fornisce il 75% dell'energia elettrica dell'energia nucleare. In America, il 15% della sua energia è accolto qui, ma in alcune parti le centrali elettriche stanno producendo più intensivamente. Ci sono più di 400 impianti nucleari in tutto il mondo, e più di 100 di loro si trovano solo in America.
Come funzionano le centrali nucleari?
Per costruire una centrale nucleare, l'uranio arricchito è necessario. Questi tipi di uranio sono pricipalmente u-235, u-233, u-238 e plutonio; P-239 e p-241. Una quantità molto elevata di energia emerge come risultato di dividere l'uranio in una reazione di fissione. Per questa divisione, i neutroni hanno colpito il nucleo dell'elemento dell'uranio ad un tasso elevato. Questa collisione induce il nucleo a diventare instabile e, successivamente, a reagire ad una massiccia fissione che espone l'energia. Come risultato della prima reazione di fissione, i neutroni vengono emessi nell'ambiente. Questi neutroni si moltiplicano in altri nuclei di uranio e continuano fino a quando la fisica dell'Elementale non viene eseguita in ogni nucleo atomico. Se l'energia risultante non è controllata, è in proporzioni letali. Ci sono unità che tengono neutroni in eccesso nei reattori per controllarlo e impedirgli di reagire. In questo modo viene fornita una catena di reazione a fissione controllata.
Quando guardiamo alla struttura interna della centrale nucleare, l'energia generata dall'introduzione della reazione fisica dell'uranio permette al vapore acqueo di essere riscaldata a temperature molto elevate. Questo vapore ad alta temperatura viene fornito alle turbine collegate al generatore di potenza. Il vapore ad alta energia a contatto con le pale della turbina ruota l'albero della turbina in modo conosciuto e assicura che il generatore produca energia elettrica. L'elettricità generata nel generatore viene inviata al luogo in cui viene utilizzato con fili conduttivi chiamati linee di trasmissione. La pressione e la temperatura scese dalla turbina andrà al condensatore per il riutilizzo, e dopo che diventa acqua, è riscaldata ed evaporato con l'energia che esce dalla divisione e il ciclo continua.
Quali sono i problemi delle centrali nucleari?
Una centrale nucleare ben costruita ha notevoli vantaggi nella produzione di energia elettrica. È molto più pulito rispetto alle centrali elettriche che utilizzano il carbone di legna e lascia meno rifiuti radioattivi per l'atmosfera. Le tonnellate di carbonio, di zolfo e di altri elementi dal carbone di pietra all'atmosfera costituiscono una quantità molto più grande di effetto dell'inquinante che una centrale nucleare bene-funzionante. A questo proposito, l'energia nucleare può essere considerata estremamente pulita quando è ben fatto nella produzione di energia. Ci sono anche alcuni problemi.
I principali ostacoli e problemi che devono essere sottolineati nella produzione di energia nucleare includono:
Nel processo di rimozione dell'uranio e dell'arricchimento successivo, il lavoro di raffinazione provoca enormi quantità di contaminazione radioattiva.
Le centrali nucleari che non funzionano correttamente possono causare grossi problemi. Come esempio, la catastrofe di Chernobyl potrebbe essere data e tonnellate di rifiuti radioattivi sono stati lasciati in atmosfera in questa catastrofe.
Le reazioni di fissione sulla centrale elettrica richiedono un controllo molto buono e la tolleranza di guasto è minima. Nessuna centrale nucleare può dirsi completamente sicura e deve essere prodotta da squadre esperte e mantenendo alto il coefficiente di sicurezza. Questo aumenta il rischio di gravi problemi per i paesi che vogliono intraprendere nuovi passi per costruire centrali nucleari come noi.
I residui radioattivi risultanti devono essere trasportati in modo da non nuocere alla natura e devono essere conservati in sicurezza per molti anni sotto sorveglianza.
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