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Centrales nucleares: ¿Cómo funciona? ¿Cuáles son sus problemas?
La energía nuclear cumple alrededor del 17% de las necesidades actuales de electricidad. Algunos países producen una gran proporción de sus energías de las centrales nucleares. Por ejemplo, según los datos de la Agencia Internacional de energía atómica de Francia, proporciona el 75% de la energía eléctrica de la energía nuclear. En América, el 15% de su energía es bienvenida aquí, pero en algunas partes las plantas de energía están produciendo más intensivo. Hay más de 400 plantas nucleares en todo el mundo, y más de 100 de ellos se encuentran sólo en América.
¿Cómo funcionan las plantas de energía nuclear?
Para construir una planta de energía nuclear, se necesita uranio enriquecido. Estos tipos de uranio son principalmente u-235, u-233, u-238 y plutonio; P-239 y p-241. Una cantidad muy alta de energía emerge como resultado de dividir el uranio en una reacción de la fisión. Para esta división, los neutrones golpearon el núcleo del elemento de uranio a una tasa alta. Esta colisión hace que el núcleo se vuelva inestable y reaccione posteriormente a una fisión masiva que expone energía. Como resultado de la primera reacción de la fisión, los neutrones se emiten en el ambiente. Estos neutrones se multiplican en otros núcleos de uranio y continúan hasta que la física del elemental se realiza en todos los núcleos atómicos. Si la energía resultante no está controlada, está en proporciones mortales. Hay unidades que tienen exceso de neutrones en los reactores para controlarlo y evitar que reaccionar. De esta manera, se proporciona una cadena de reacción de fisión controlada.
Cuando observamos la estructura interna de la central nuclear, la energía generada por la introducción de la reacción física del uranio permite que el vapor de agua se caliente a temperaturas muy altas. Este vapor de alta temperatura se suministra a las turbinas conectadas al generador de energía. El vapor de alta energía en contacto con las palas de la turbina rota el eje de la turbina de una manera conocida y asegura que el generador produzca energía eléctrica. La electricidad generada en el generador se envía al lugar donde se utiliza con cables conductores llamados líneas de transmisión. La presión y temperatura bajada de la turbina irá al condensador para su reutilización, y después se convierte en agua, se calienta y se evapora con la energía que sale de la división y el ciclo continúa.
¿Cuáles son los problemas de las plantas de energía nuclear?
Una planta de energía nuclear bien construida tiene ventajas significativas en la producción de electricidad. Es mucho más limpio en comparación con las plantas de energía que utilizan el carbón y deja menos residuos radiactivos a la atmósfera. Toneladas de carbono, azufre y otros elementos del carbón de piedra a la atmósfera constituyen una cantidad mucho mayor de impacto contaminante que una planta de energía nuclear de buen funcionamiento. En este sentido, la energía nuclear puede considerarse extremadamente limpia cuando se hace bien en la producción de energía. También hay algunos problemas.
Los principales obstáculos y problemas que deben subrayarse en la generación de energía nuclear incluyen:
En el proceso de eliminación del uranio y el enriquecimiento posterior, el trabajo de refinación causa enormes cantidades de contaminación radiactiva.
Las plantas de energía nuclear que no funcionan correctamente pueden causar problemas importantes. Como ejemplo, se podría dar la catástrofe de Chernobyl y se dejaron toneladas de desechos radiactivos en la atmósfera en esta catástrofe.
Las reacciones de la fisión en la planta de energía requieren control muy bueno y la tolerancia de la avería es mínima. No se puede decir que ninguna central nuclear sea completamente segura y debe ser fabricada por equipos expertos y manteniendo el alto coeficiente de seguridad. Esto aumenta el riesgo de problemas serios para los países que quieren tomar nuevas medidas para construir plantas de energía nuclear como nosotros.
Los residuos radiactivos resultantes deben ser transportados de manera que no dañen a la naturaleza y se deben almacenar con seguridad durante muchos años bajo vigilancia.
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