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Qui est Evangelista Torricelli? , l'invention du baromètre
Evangelista Torricelli est né le 15 octobre 1608, dans la ville italienne de Faenza, est mort le 5 octobre 1647 à Florence. Il est le célèbre physicien italien de physique et de mathématiques connu pour ses expériences sur la pression d'air libre.
Il a attiré l'attention sur sa curiosité d'enfance sur les mathématiques. En 1627, il est allé à Rome et a travaillé avec Benedetto Castelli, le fondateur de la science hydraulique et la demande de Galilei. Il a commencé la correspondance avec Galilei en 1641. La même année, sur la recommandation de Castelli, Galileo invita Torricelli à la Toscane. Quelques semaines après la rencontre de Galilée, quand Galilei mourut, il transféra Torricelli, le grand-duc de Toscane, à son bureau. En 1644, il publia un livre sur la géométrie et la mécanique. Dans ce livre, qui comble une lacune importante dans le domaine des mathématiques, la première œuvre de la mécanique de Galilée, les centres de gravité communs des corps interconnectés, se déplacent vers le bas, tandis que le principe des mouvements brusques peut être il se connectait.
Au lieu de l'eau, Torricelli avait la sagesse de mettre la nana (mine liquide), qui était plus lourde que treize fois et demi, de sorte que la hauteur de la colonne a été raccourcie également. Ainsi Torricelli effectué le premier baromètre; Une extrémité est obstruée et une pipe en verre remplie de mercure. Ce tuyau est renversé, et l'extrémité ouverte est trempée dans une baignoire remplie de mercure. Une partie du mercure dans le tube coule dans la baignoire et la colonne de mercure descend jusqu'à 760 millimètres dans le tuyau. Ensuite, le poids du mercure équivaut à la pression atmosphérique. À la suite des expériences avec des tubes remplis de mercure, la pression au niveau de la mer était de 1033 gr/cm². En géométrie et en mécanique, personne ne se souciait d'abord de leurs idées. Torricelli a aussi essayé de développer son mentor, le télescope de Galilée et son propre microscope.
1643 Torricelli a maintenant inventé l'appareil appelé le baromètre Mercury pour mesurer la pression de l'air.
En même temps, Blaise Pascal a pensé à utiliser le baromètre pour mesurer l'élévation. Puisque le poids de l'atmosphère détermine la hauteur du mercure à l'intérieur du tuyau, cette hauteur sera réduite au sommet d'une montagne; Au sommet de la montagne, la hauteur de la couche d'air est inférieure au niveau de la mer et le poids sera moins. En conséquence, la hauteur de la colonne de mercure indique quelle élévation nous sommes: c'est l'essence de l'altimètre (jauge d'élévation).
Plus tard, les changements dans l'atmosphère, la réduction du poids de l'atmosphère et la reproduction de la hauteur de la colonne de mercure a été comprise. Ainsi, la prévision du changement d'air a été apprise en regardant les marqueurs de baromètre; En conséquence, au niveau de la mer, le mercure à une hauteur de 760 millimètres est un signe de «beau temps». La pression atmosphérique peut également être mesurée par les baromètres des mines, qui sont des canettes drainées à l'air.
Comment ça marche?
La pression d'air augmentée déplace la colonne de mercure et fournit l'élévation au bras gauche. Pendant ce temps, le niveau de mercure dans le bras droit diminue. Le poids qui est très peu de lumière flotte sur le mercure et s'élève avec elle. La corde et la bobine, selon le poids et le contrepoids, fonctionne comme une plate-forme de poulie et ils peuvent se déplacer ensemble. Au fur et à mesure que la pression de l'air augmente, l'équilibre se détériore et le mercure augmente, plus la pression d'air diminue, plus l'équilibre est élevé et plus le niveau de mercure est bas. Cela fait une mesure claire et précise.
Baromètre bar
Le principe de fonctionnement du baromètre à barres est très simple. La pression d'air appliquée sur le réservoir droit est la plus haute pression sur le niveau de la mer et le niveau de fluide dans le bras gauche augmente. L'écart dans le bras gauche doit être un vide. S'il y a un gaz, la pression augmente et elle commence à pousser. Cela entraîne la mesure à apparaître au-dessous de la valeur réelle.
Baromètre anéroïde
La capsule de vide porte un mouvement «B» avec un léger progrès avec le changement de pression d'air «a». Un petit levier, «c», renforce ce mouvement et le transmet à la bobine «e» à travers la petite chaîne'd'. Le «F» positionné sur la bobine montre le résultat le plus précis grâce à la barre indicatrice et au stabilisateur «g».
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